S1. PRIOR checklist

All of the key stages of the umbrella review (screening, data extraction, and assessment of quality were performed by two independent reviewers/investigators), and double-checked by first authors/investigators leading the project. Disagreements were resolved by the senior authors.

overall_section precise_section item_number item location_reported
Title Title 1 Identify the report as an overview of reviews we identified it as umbrella review
Abstract Abstract 2 Provide a comprehensive and accurate summary of the purpose, methods, and results of the overview of reviews. abstract
Introduction Rationale 3 Describe the rationale for conducting the overview of reviews in the context of existing knowledge. first paragraphs of the introduction
Introduction Objectives 4 Provide an explicit statement of the objective(s) or question(s) addressed by the overview of reviews. last paragraph of the introduction
Methods Eligibility criteria 5a Specify the inclusion and exclusion criteria for the overview of reviews. If supplemental primary studies were included, this should be stated, with a rationale. paragraph entitled ‘Search strategy and eligibility criteria’ + supplementary materials
Methods Eligibility criteria 5b Specify the definition of ‘systematic review’ as used in the inclusion criteria for the overview of reviews. paragraph entitled ‘Search strategy and eligibility criteria’ + supplementary materials
Methods Information sources 6 Specify all databases, registers, websites, organizations, reference lists, and other sources searched or consulted to identify systematic reviews and supplemental primary studies (if included). Specify the date when each source was last searched or consulted. paragraph entitled ‘Search strategy and eligibility criteria’ + supplementary materials
Methods Search strategy 7 Present the full search strategies for all databases, registers and websites, such that they could be reproduced. Describe any search filters and limits applied. paragraph entitled ‘Search strategy and eligibility criteria’ + supplementary materials
Methods Selection process 8a Describe the methods used to decide whether a systematic review or supplemental primary study (if included) met the inclusion criteria of the overview of reviews paragraph entitled ‘Search strategy and eligibility criteria’ + supplementary materials
Methods Selection process 8b Describe how overlap in the populations, interventions, comparators, and/or outcomes of systematic reviews was identified and managed during study selection. Supplementary Materials S4
Methods Data collection process 9a Describe the methods used to collect data from reports paragraph entitled ‘Data extraction and checking’
Methods Data collection process 9b If applicable, describe the methods used to identify and manage primary study overlap at the level of the comparison and outcome during data collection. For each outcome, specify the method used to illustrate and/or quantify the degree of primary study overlap across systematic reviews. not applicable, we selected 1 SR/MA per PICO + Supplementary Materials S4
Methods Data collection process 9c If applicable, specify the methods used to manage discrepant data across systematic reviews during data collection. not applicable, we selected 1 SR/MA per PICO
Methods Data items 10 List and define all variables and outcomes for which data were sought. Describe any assumptions made and/or measures taken to identify and clarify missing or unclear information. paragraph entitled ‘Search strategy and eligibility criteria’ + Supplementary Materials S5
Methods Risk of bias assessment 11a Describe the methods used to assess risk of bias or methodological quality of the included systematic reviews. paragraph entitled ‘Assessment of the methodological quality of primary studies and meta-analyses’
Methods Risk of bias assessment 11b Describe the methods used to collect data on (from the systematic reviews) and/or assess the risk of bias of the primary studies included in the systematic reviews. Provide a justification for instances where flawed, incomplete, or missing assessments are identified but not re-assessed. paragraph entitled ‘Assessment of the methodological quality of primary studies and meta-analyses’
Methods Risk of bias assessment 11c Describe the methods used to assess the risk of bias of supplemental primary studies (if included). not applicable
Methods Synthesis methods 12a Describe the methods used to summarize or synthesize results and provide a rationale for the choice(s). paragraph entitled ‘Data analysis’ + Supplementary Materials S5
Methods Synthesis methods 12b Describe any methods used to explore possible causes of heterogeneity among results. paragraph entitled ‘Data analysis’ + Supplementary Materials S5
Methods Synthesis methods 12c Describe any sensitivity analyses conducted to assess the robustness of the synthesized results. paragraph entitled ‘Data analysis’ + Supplementary Materials S5
Methods Reporting bias assessment 13 Describe the methods used to collect data on (from the systematic reviews) and/or assess the risk of bias due to missing results in a summary or synthesis (arising from reporting biases at the levels of the systematic reviews, primary studies, and supplemental primary studies, if included). not applicable
Methods Certainty assessment 14 Describe the methods used to collect data on (from the systematic reviews) and/or assess certainty (or confidence) in the body of evidence for an outcome. paragraph entitled ‘Assessment of the certainty of evidence’
Results Systematic review and supplemental primary study selection 15a Describe the results of the search and selection process, including the number of records screened, assessed for eligibility, and included in the overview of reviews, ideally with a flow diagram. first paragraph of the results
Results Characteristics of systematic reviews and supplemental primary studies 15b Provide a list of studies that might appear to meet the inclusion criteria, but were excluded, with the main reason for exclusion. paragraph entitled ’’Characteristics of the meta-analytic reports retained in the umbrella review” + Supplementary materials S8
Results Characteristics of systematic reviews and supplemental primary studies 16 Cite each included systematic review and supplemental primary study (if included) and present its characteristics. Supplementary materials
Results Primary study overlap 17 Describe the extent of primary study overlap across the included systematic reviews. not applicable, because we removed reports that combined several intervention types
Results Risk of bias in systematic reviews, primary studies, and supplemental primary studies 18a Present assessments of risk of bias or methodological quality for each included systematic review. paragraph entitled ’’Characteristics of the meta-analyses retained in the umbrella review” + Supplementary materials S10
Results Risk of bias in systematic reviews, primary studies, and supplemental primary studies 18b Present assessments (collected from systematic reviews or assessed anew) of the risk of bias of the primary studies included in the systematic reviews. paragraph entitled ’’Characteristics of the meta-analyses retained in the umbrella review” + Supplementary materials
Results Risk of bias in systematic reviews, primary studies, and supplemental primary studies 18c Present assessments of the risk of bias of supplemental primary studies (if included). Supplementary materials
Results Summary or synthesis of results 19a For all outcomes, summarize the evidence from the systematic reviews and supplemental primary studies (if included). If meta-analyses were done, present for each the summary estimate and its precision and measures of statistical heterogeneity. If comparing groups, describe the direction of the effect. paragraphs entitled “Primary outcomes” and “Secondary outcomes” + Supplementary Materials
Results Summary or synthesis of results 19b If meta-analyses were done, present results of all investigations of possible causes of heterogeneity. not applicable (moderators are not consistently reported across meta-analyses)
Results Summary or synthesis of results 19c If meta-analyses were done, present results of all sensitivity analyses conducted to assess the robustness of synthesized results. paragraph entitled “Sensitivity analysis” + Supplementary Materials
Results Reporting biases 20 Present assessments (collected from systematic reviews and/or assessed anew) of the risk of bias due to missing primary studies, analyses, or results in a summary or synthesis (arising from reporting biases at the levels of the systematic reviews, primary studies, and supplemental primary studies, if included) for each summary or synthesis assessed. Supplementary materials
Results Certainty of evidence 21 Present assessments (collected or assessed anew) of certainty (or confidence) in the body of evidence for each outcome paragraphs entitled “Primary outcomes” and “Secondary outcomes” + Supplementary Materials
Discussion Discussion 22a Summarize the main findings, including any discrepancies in findings across the included systematic reviews and supplemental primary studies (if included). not applicable, we selected 1 SR/MA per PICO
Discussion Discussion 22b Provide a general interpretation of the results in the context of other evidence. Discussion section
Discussion Discussion 22c Discuss any limitations of the evidence from systematic reviews, their primary studies, and supplemental primary studies (if included) included in the overview of reviews. Discuss any limitations of the overview of reviews methods used. Discussion section
Discussion Discussion 22d Discuss implications for practice, policy, and future research (both systematic reviews and primary research). Consider the relevance of the findings to the end users of the overview of reviews, e.g., healthcare providers, policymakers, patients, among others. Discussion section
Other information Registration and protocol 23a Provide registration information for the overview of reviews, including register name and registration number, or state that the overview of reviews was not registered. Title page (osf URL)
Other information Registration and protocol 23b Indicate where the overview of reviews protocol can be accessed, or state that a protocol was not prepared. Title page (osf URL)
Other information Registration and protocol 23c Describe and explain any amendments to information provided at registration or in the protocol. Indicate the stage of the overview of reviews at which amendments were made. Supplementary materials S2
Other information Support 24 Describe sources of financial or non-financial support for the overview of reviews, and the role of the funders or sponsors in the overview of reviews. paragraph entitled ’’Funding. ”
Other information Competing interests 25 Declare any competing interests of the overview of reviews’ authors. paragraph entitled ’’Conflict of Interest. ”
Other information Author information 26a Provide contact information for the corresponding author. Title page
Other information Author information 26b Describe the contributions of individual authors and identify the guarantor of the overview of reviews. paragraph entitled “Author’s contribution”
Other information Availability of data and other materials 26 Report which of the following are available, where they can be found, and under which conditions they may be accessed: template data collection forms; data collected from included systematic reviews and supplemental primary studies; analytic code; any other materials used in the overview of reviews. All raw data are available : “Data availability.”

S2. Deviations

  • We made only one deviation to the methods we pregistered. This relates to the system used for rating the quality of the evidence. Although a preliminary system was initially registered, our team recently coordinated an extensive consultation involving fifteen methodological experts in evidence synthesis. This expert panel included Professor John Ioannidis (a pioneer in the field of umbrella review methodology) and Professors Andrea Cipriani and Cinzia Del Giovane (key developers of the CINeMA framework). This collaboration resulted in the refinement of algorithmic GRADE criteria, which have now been implemented in the metaumbrella R package, the standard software for umbrella review analyses.To ensure transparency and demonstrate that our quality assessment criteria were not tailored to influence the outcomes of this study, we carefully aligned our approach with the established criteria in metaumbrella.

  • While we initially planned to conduct a secondary analysis of head-to-head comparisons relying on results from network meta-analysis (NMA), we encountered significant methodological limitations. Although we obtained and formatted two NMA-derived datasets, the majority exhibited star-shaped network structures (i.e., trials predominantly connected via a common comparator, such as placebo). This configuration led to substantial inconsistency between direct and indirect evidence, undermining the reliability of the results. Consequently, we opted not to interpret these findings and instead focused solely on reporting the primary analysis, which prioritized direct evidence from placebo-controlled trials. Notably, however, many of the PICOs (Participants, Interventions, Comparisons, Outcomes) included in the primary analysis were originally identified through NMAs.

S3. Search strategies

The search can be retrieved in our protocol

S4. Overlapping meta-analyses

The exact selection procedure can be retrieved in our protocol

Primary Analysis: Intervention vs Inactive Control Comparisons

There may likely be PWMAs/NMAs/IPD-MA focusing on the same PICO. In this case, a 4-level selection will be progressively implemented.

First-Level Selection: Replicable work

We will retain only meta-analyses that provide complete data needed for replication, including effect sizes, variances or 95% confidence intervals, and sample sizes. This transparency will allow us to verify the original authors’ calculations and apply a standardized framework for evidence stratification.

Second-Level Selection: Recent Publications

PWMA/NMA/IPD-MA published after January 1st, 2018 will be considered with priority. This criterion will allow us to avoid outdated and hence likely less comprehensive PWMA/NMA/IPD-MA.

Third-Level Selection: Age Group Homogeneity

Among recent PWMA/NMAs/IPD-MA, only those analyzing homogeneous age groups will be retained, as treatment effects vary across sage groups.

Fourth-Level Selection: Methodological Quality

When multiple PWMA/NMAs/IPD-MA meet the above criteria, we will select the one with the highest methodological quality, assessed using five key AMSTAR criteria:

  1. Protocol pre-registration
  2. Comprehensive search strategy
  3. Duplicate study selection
  4. Duplicate data extraction
  5. Risk of bias assessment

If several PWMA/NMAs/IPD-MA published after January 1st 2018, with homogeneous age groups, and identical methodological quality are available, we will favor the NMA over the PWMA and IPD-MA.

Alternative Selection Paths

If no PWMA/NMA published after 2018 meet the primary criteria, the following hierarchical approach will be used:

  1. Pre-2018 meta-analyses with homogeneous age groups
  2. For cases where no PWMA/NMA/IPD-MA with homogeneous age groups exist (regardless of publication date), selection will be based on methodological quality, with separate analyses conducted for the different age groups.

S5. Incl./Excl. criteria

The exact criteria can be retrieved in our protocol. All inclusion criteria pertaining to the PICO were applied at the RCT level. As a result, when a meta-analysis included both eligible and ineligible trials, we retained the meta-analysis but excluded the trials that did not meet our criteria.

Population

All meta-analytic reports had to pool at least two RCTs including participants with standardized ADHD diagnoses, i.e., those based on formal criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM, versions from III to 5-TR) or the International Classification of Diseases (versions 9–11) assessed by a trained clinician, such as a psychologist or a psychiatrist. Meta-analyses including RCTs relying exclusively on inappropriate diagnostic procedures (such as scores above cut-off on questionnaires, or self-report diagnoses) were ineligible. Additionally, meta-analyses that combined data from participants diagnosed with both standards and inappropriate procedures were eligible only if the data were presented in a way enabling to remove studies with inappropriate procedures.

Interventions

The exact criteria can be retrieved in our protocol.

We did not exclude any specific intervention type, but, to ensure methodologically accurate results, we excluded some meta-analyses that could lead to biased conclusions.

  1. We did not include meta-analyses that pooled heterogeneous interventions, such as combining distinct treatments (for instance CBT, parent training, and behavioral therapies under a broad label such as “psychosocial treatments”, or methylphenidate and amphetamines under the broad label of “stimulants”). This aggregation could mask the individual effects of each intervention, which are conceptually and practically different.

  2. By contrast, we retained meta-analyses including RCTs testing combined interventions evaluated against one of the active components (e.g., methylphenidate + CBT vs. methylphenidate). However, because, in the retained meta-analyses, trials using this “A+B versus B” design were often included alongside trials comparing interventions to controls (e.g., placebo, waitlist, or treatment as usual), we did not analyse separately those meta-analyses of RCTs focusing exclusively on trials with an “A+B versus B” design, as this would have led to redundancy in the dataset.

  3. More broadly, we included meta-analyses containing RCTs that permitted participants to continue stable baseline interventions (for example, RCTs where 80% of randomised participants maintained their pre-existing stabilised medications). This inclusion criterion enhances the real-world applicability of our findings. Unfortunately, this baseline intervention variable was inconsistently reported across meta-analyses, limiting our ability to conduct subgroup analyses. Specifically, we could not reliably perform meta-regression analyses to compare effect estimates from RCTs testing interventions as monotherapy versus those testing the same interventions as augmentation to existing treatments.

A description of all included interventions is available online.

sort(unique(res_m$Intervention))
##  [1] "Acupuncture"                              
##  [2] "Alpha-2 agonists (guanfacine / clonidine)"
##  [3] "Amphetamines"                             
##  [4] "Atomoxetine"                              
##  [5] "Bupropion"                                
##  [6] "Carnitine"                                
##  [7] "Centafanadine"                            
##  [8] "Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)"       
##  [9] "Cognitive training"                       
## [10] "Dasotraline"                              
## [11] "Desipramine"                              
## [12] "Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT)"     
## [13] "Diet (restricted/elimination)"            
## [14] "Homeopathy"                               
## [15] "Methylphenidate"                          
## [16] "Methylphenidate + Alpha-2 agonists"       
## [17] "Mindfulness"                              
## [18] "Modafinil"                                
## [19] "Multimodal behavioral interventions"      
## [20] "Neurofeedback"                            
## [21] "Organizational skills interventions"      
## [22] "Parent-mediated behavioral interventions" 
## [23] "Physical training"                        
## [24] "Polyunsaturated fatty acids"              
## [25] "Probiotics"                               
## [26] "Risperidone"                              
## [27] "Social skill training"                    
## [28] "tDCS"                                     
## [29] "TMS-rTMS"                                 
## [30] "Viloxazine"                               
## [31] "Vitamin D"                                
## [32] "Zinc"

Comparators

The exact criteria can be retrieved in our protocol.

Outcomes

The exact criteria can be retrieved in our protocol.

sort(unique(res_m$Outcome))
##  [1] "Academic/job performance"            
##  [2] "Acceptability"                       
##  [3] "AE (decreased appetite)"             
##  [4] "AE (sleep problems)"                 
##  [5] "CD/ODD symptoms"                     
##  [6] "CGI"                                 
##  [7] "Conduct disorder symptoms (CD)"      
##  [8] "Core ADHD symptoms [Clinician-rated]"
##  [9] "Core ADHD symptoms [Mixed]"          
## [10] "Core ADHD symptoms [Parent-rated]"   
## [11] "Core ADHD symptoms [Self-rated]"     
## [12] "Core ADHD symptoms [Teacher-rated]"  
## [13] "Depressive disorder symptoms"        
## [14] "Disruptive behaviors"                
## [15] "Driving"                             
## [16] "Emotional dysregulation"             
## [17] "Exec. functions (mixed)"             
## [18] "Exec. functions (report)"            
## [19] "Exec. functions (tests)"             
## [20] "Generalized anxiety"                 
## [21] "Learning disorder symptoms"          
## [22] "Oppositional symptoms (ODD)"         
## [23] "Quality of life"                     
## [24] "Social-communication skills"         
## [25] "Suicidal ideation/behavior"          
## [26] "Tics/Tourette disorder symptoms"     
## [27] "Tolerability"

S6. GRADE criteria

Risk of Bias (Limitations)

  • No downgrade: >=75% of participants included in low-risk studies
  • One downgrade: 50%-75% of participants included in low-risk studies
  • Two downgrades: <=50% of participants included in low-risk studies

The pooled percentage of participants is calculated as a weighted mean, with weights attributed to each study being equal to the weight each study receives in the meta-analysis.

We considered a study to be at low risk of bias when there were no high risk of ‘randomization’, ‘outcome measurement’ or ‘reporting bias’.

Heterogeneity

  • Two downgrades: Substantial discrepancy between the 95% CI and 95% PI (e.g., bounds of the 95% CI and 95% PI not of the same sign and in different equivalence ranges).
  • One downgrade: Small/moderate discrepancy between the 95% CI and 95% PI (e.g., bounds of the 95% CI and 95% PI of the same sign, but in different equivalence ranges).

When 95% PI is not reliably estimable, the assessment relies on the I² statistic and the percentage of studies with contradicting results:

  • Two downgrades: I² >= 50% and >=10% of studies with statistically significant results in the opposite direction compared to the pooled effect size
  • One downgrade: I² >= 30% and >=10% of studies with statistically significant results in the opposite direction compared to the pooled effect size

Indirectness

The number of downgrades and the criteria are left to the user’s discretion, as these factors vary significantly depending on the scope of the review. Examples of criteria may include heterogeneity in participants’ age or undefined control groups:

  • No downgrade: No concerns regarding indirectness
  • One downgrade: Serious concerns (e.g., “serious” indirectness)
  • Two downgrades: Very serious concerns (e.g., “very serious” indirectness)

Imprecision

  • Two downgrades: The 95% CI of the pooled effect size includes both null (SMD = 0; RR/OR = 1) and large (SMD >= 0.80; OR/RR >= 5) effects AND the meta-analysis does not have the sample size required to detect small effects (eSMD = 0.20) with 80% statistical power (n < 394 per arm)
  • One downgrade: The 95% CI of the pooled effect size includes both null and large effects
  • Two downgrades: The meta-analysis does not have the sample size required to detect moderate effects (eSMD = 0.50) with 80% statistical power (n < 64 per arm)
  • One downgrade: The meta-analysis does not have the sample size required to detect small effects (eSMD = 0.20) with 80% statistical power (n < 394 per arm)

Publication Bias

  • One downgrade: p-value of Egger’s test < 0.10, OR excess significance bias p-value < 0.10, OR more than 50% of participants included in trials with high reporting bias

S7 Data analytic strategy

All analyses were performed in the R environment (version 4.1.1) using the ‘metaumbrella’ package. We used the standardized mean difference (SMD) as the main effect size measure for the assessment of efficacy and Risk Ratio (RR) for the assessment of safety measures (i.e., acceptability, tolerability, and adverse events).

We re-ran all meta-analyses comparing intervention and control groups using random-effects models. To estimate between-study heterogeneity variance (τ²), we employed restricted maximum likelihood (REML) estimators for SMD and Paul-Mandel estimators for OR or RR. Pooled effect sizes were reported with 95% confidence intervals derived from the standard normal quantile (Wald) method. Heterogeneity was assessed using I² statistics, Q-statistics, τ² values, and 95% prediction intervals. To evaluate small-study effects, we applied Egger’s regression asymmetry test, analyzed excess statistical significance bias, and quantified the proportion of participants in studies with high risk of selective reporting bias. Where meta-analyses included dependent effect sizes, we resolved dependency using the standardized data aggregation method proposed by Borenstein and colleagues.

S8. Included studies

id cite
93 Ang, L., et al., Acupuncture for Treating Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Medicina (Kaunas), 2023. 59(2).
153 Arns, M., et al., Efficacy of neurofeedback treatment in ADHD: the effects on inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity: a meta-analysis. Clin EEG Neurosci, 2009. 40(3): p. 180-9.
185 Auclair, V., P.O. Harvey, and M. Lepage, [Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and the Treatment of ADHD in Adults]. Sante Ment Que, 2016. 41(1): p. 291-311.
296 Bemanalizadeh, M., M. Yazdi, O. Yaghini, and R. Kelishadi, A meta-analysis on the effect of telemedicine on the management of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. J Telemed Telecare, 2024. 30(1): p. 31-43.
343 Bikic, A., et al., Meta-analysis of organizational skills interventions for children and adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Clin Psychol Rev, 2017. 52: p. 108-123.
371 Bloch, M.H., K.E. Panza, A. Landeros-Weisenberger, and J.F. Leckman, Meta-analysis: treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children with comorbid tic disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 2009. 48(9): p. 884-893.
381 Boesen, K., A.S. Paludan-Müller, P.C. Gøtzsche, and K.J. Jørgensen, Extended-release methylphenidate for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2022. 2(2): p. Cd012857.
474 Bryant, A., et al., A meta-analytic review of the impact of ADHD medications on anxiety and depression in children and adolescents. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 2023. 32(10): p. 1885-1898.
501 Bushe, C., et al., A network meta-analysis of atomoxetine and osmotic release oral system methylphenidate in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adult patients. J Psychopharmacol, 2016. 30(5): p. 444-58.
505 Bussalb, A., et al., Clinical and Experimental Factors Influencing the Efficacy of Neurofeedback in ADHD: A Meta-Analysis. Front Psychiatry, 2019. 10: p. 35.
529 Cândido, R.C.F., C.A. Menezes de Padua, S. Golder, and D.R. Junqueira, Immediate-release methylphenidate for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2021. 1(1): p. Cd013011.
563 Castells, X., L. Blanco-Silvente, and R. Cunill, Amphetamines for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2018. 8(8): p. Cd007813.
565 Castells, X., R. Cunill, and D. Capellà, Treatment discontinuation with methylphenidate in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 2013. 69(3): p. 347-56.
571 Castells, X., et al., Efficacy of methylphenidate for adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a meta-regression analysis. CNS Drugs, 2011. 25(2): p. 157-69.
575 Catalá-López, F., et al., The pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: A systematic review with network meta-analyses of randomised trials. PLoS One, 2017. 12(7): p. e0180355.
589 Cerrillo-Urbina, A.J., et al., The Effects of Long-Acting Stimulant and Nonstimulant Medications in Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol, 2018. 28(8): p. 494-507.
590 Cerrillo-Urbina, A.J., et al., The effects of physical exercise in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control trials. Child Care Health Dev, 2015. 41(6): p. 779-88.
600 Chang, J.P., K.P. Su, V. Mondelli, and C.M. Pariante, Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Youths with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials and Biological Studies. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2018. 43(3): p. 534-545.
626 Chen, J.W. and K. Zhu, Single Exercise for Core Symptoms and Executive Functions in ADHD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Atten Disord, 2023: p. 10870547231217321.
633 Chen, S., et al., Which Factor Is More Relevant to the Effectiveness of the Cognitive Intervention? A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials of Cognitive Training on Symptoms and Executive Function Behaviors of Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Front Psychol, 2021. 12: p. 810298.
638 Chen, Y.H., et al., A meta-analysis on the therapeutic efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for cognitive functions in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders. BMC Psychiatry, 2023. 23(1): p. 756.
658 Ching, C., G.D. Eslick, and A.S. Poulton, Evaluation of Methylphenidate Safety and Maximum-Dose Titration Rationale in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr, 2019. 173(7): p. 630-639.
662 Chiu, H.J., et al., Efficacy and tolerability of psychostimulants for symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in preschool children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Psychiatry, 2023. 66(1): p. e24.
676 Chung, W., et al., Factors influencing therapeutic effectiveness of electroencephalogram-based neurofeedback against core symptoms of ADHD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 2022. 47(6): p. E435-E446.
701 Coates, J., J.A. Taylor, and K. Sayal, Parenting Interventions for ADHD: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis. J Atten Disord, 2015. 19(10): p. 831-43.
711 Coghill, D.R., et al., Effects of methylphenidate on cognitive functions in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: evidence from a systematic review and a meta-analysis. Biol Psychiatry, 2014. 76(8): p. 603-15.
757 Cortese, S., et al., Comparative efficacy and tolerability of medications for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children, adolescents, and adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry, 2018. 5(9): p. 727-738.
772 Cortese, S., et al., Cognitive training for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: meta-analysis of clinical and neuropsychological outcomes from randomized controlled trials. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 2015. 54(3): p. 164-74.
798 Coulter, M.K. and M.E. Dean, Homeopathy for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder or hyperkinetic disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2007(4): p. Cd005648.
817 Cunill, R., X. Castells, A. Tobias, and D. Capellà, Atomoxetine for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in the adulthood: a meta-analysis and meta-regression. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf, 2013. 22(9): p. 961-9.
819 Cunill, R., X. Castells, A. Tobias, and D. Capellà, Efficacy, safety and variability in pharmacotherapy for adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis and meta-regression in over 9000 patients. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 2016. 233(2): p. 187-97.
839 Daley, D., et al., Behavioral interventions in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials across multiple outcome domains. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 2014. 53(8): p. 835-47, 847.e1-5.
962 Ding, Q., M. Li, and D. Zhu, Is combined CBT therapy more effective than drug therapy alone for ADHD in children? A meta-analysis. Traditional Medicine and Modern Medicine, 2018. 1(1): p. 21-26.
973 Doffer, D.P.A., et al., Sustained improvements by behavioural parent training for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analytic review of longer-term child and parental outcomes. JCPP Adv, 2023. 3(3): p. e12196.
998 Dravland, J.E., Effective Stimulant Dosing in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. JAMA Pediatrics, 2019. 173(12): p. 1210-1211.
999 Drayer, K.L., The heart brain connection: A meta-analytic review of cognitive function across cardiac procedures. 2016, ProQuest Information & Learning.
1056 Elliott, J., et al., Pharmacologic treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. PLoS One, 2020. 15(10): p. e0240584.
1092 Fan, H.Y., et al., A pilot meta-analysis on self-reported efficacy of neurofeedback for adolescents and adults with ADHD. Sci Rep, 2022. 12(1): p. 9958.
1102 Faraone, S.V., Understanding the effect size of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate for treating ADHD in children and adults. J Atten Disord, 2012. 16(2): p. 128-37.
1110 Faraone, S.V. and J. Biederman, Efficacy of Adderall for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: a meta-analysis. J Atten Disord, 2002. 6(2): p. 69-75.
1118 Faraone, S.V. and S.J. Glatt, A comparison of the efficacy of medications for adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder using meta-analysis of effect sizes. J Clin Psychiatry, 2010. 71(6): p. 754-63.
1123 Faraone, S.V., M.D. Po, M. Komolova, and S. Cortese, Sleep-Associated Adverse Events During Methylphenidate Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Meta-Analysis. J Clin Psychiatry, 2019. 80(3).
1255 Gan, J., et al., The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol, 2019. 29(9): p. 670-687.
1318 Gillies, D., et al., Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2012. 2012(7): p. Cd007986.
1353 Goode, A.P., et al., Nonpharmacologic Treatments for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review. Pediatrics, 2018. 141(6).
1459 Händel, M.N., et al., Efficacy and Safety of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Supplementation in the Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials. Nutrients, 2021. 13(4).
1462 Hanwella, R., M. Senanayake, and V. de Silva, Comparative efficacy and acceptability of methylphenidate and atomoxetine in treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 2011. 11: p. 176.
1537 Hirota, T., S. Schwartz, and C.U. Correll, Alpha-2 agonists for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in youth: a systematic review and meta-analysis of monotherapy and add-on trials to stimulant therapy. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 2014. 53(2): p. 153-73.
1562 Holmskov, M., et al., Gastrointestinal adverse events during methylphenidate treatment of children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review with meta-analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis of randomised clinical trials. PLoS One, 2017. 12(6): p. e0178187.
1598 Huang, H., et al., Chronic Exercise for Core Symptoms and Executive Functions in ADHD: A Meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 2023. 151(1).
1630 Hyde, J., et al., Efficacy of neurostimulation across mental disorders: Systematic review and meta-analysis of 208 randomized controlled trials. Molecular Psychiatry, 2022. 27(6): p. 2709-2719.
1701 Jensen, C.M., B.L. Amdisen, K.J. Jørgensen, and S.M. Arnfred, Cognitive behavioural therapy for ADHD in adults: systematic review and meta-analyses. Atten Defic Hyperact Disord, 2016. 8(1): p. 3-11.
1852 Klassen, A., et al., Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and youth: a quantitative systematic review of the efficacy of different management strategies. Can J Psychiatry, 1999. 44(10): p. 1007-16.
1873 Koesters, M., et al., Limits of meta-analysis: methylphenidate in the treatment of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Psychopharmacol, 2009. 23(7): p. 733-44.
1899 Kortekaas-Rijlaarsdam, A.F., M. Luman, E. Sonuga-Barke, and J. Oosterlaan, Does methylphenidate improve academic performance? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 2019. 28(2): p. 155-164.
1917 Kretschmer, C.R., B.G. Tebrizcik, and E.J. Dommett, Mindfulness Interventions for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Psychiatry International, 2022. 3(4): p. 363-399.
1922 Krogh, H.B., et al., Methodological advantages and disadvantages of parallel and crossover randomised clinical trials on methylphenidate for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analyses. BMJ Open, 2019. 9(3): p. e026478.
2027 Lenzi, F., S. Cortese, J. Harris, and G. Masi, Pharmacotherapy of emotional dysregulation in adults with ADHD: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 2018. 84: p. 359-367.
2052 Li, D., et al., Effect of physical activity on attention in school-age children with ADHD: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Physiol, 2023. 14: p. 1189443.
2081 Liang, X., et al., The impact of exercise interventions concerning executive functions of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act, 2021. 18(1): p. 68.
2097 Lin, F.L., et al., Additive effects of EEG neurofeedback on medications for ADHD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep, 2022. 12(1): p. 20401.
2118 Liu, C.I., M.H. Hua, M.L. Lu, and K.K. Goh, Effectiveness of cognitive behavioural-based interventions for adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder extends beyond core symptoms: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Psychol Psychother, 2023. 96(3): p. 543-559.
2128 Liu, Q., H. Zhang, Q. Fang, and L. Qin, Comparative efficacy and safety of methylphenidate and atomoxetine for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: Meta-analysis based on head-to-head trials. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol, 2017. 39(9): p. 854-865.
2154 Lopez, P.L., et al., Cognitive-behavioural interventions for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2018. 3(3): p. Cd010840.
2157 López-Pinar, C., et al., Efficacy of Nonpharmacological Treatments on Comorbid Internalizing Symptoms of Adults With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Meta-Analytic Review. J Atten Disord, 2020. 24(3): p. 456-478.
2171 Luan, R., Z. Mu, F. Yue, and S. He, Efficacy and Tolerability of Different Interventions in Children and Adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Front Psychiatry, 2017. 8: p. 229.
2211 Maia, C.R., et al., Long-Term Efficacy of Methylphenidate Immediate-Release for the Treatment of Childhood ADHD. J Atten Disord, 2017. 21(1): p. 3-13.
2234 Maneeton, B., et al., Comparative efficacy, acceptability, and tolerability of lisdexamfetamine in child and adolescent ADHD: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Drug Des Devel Ther, 2015. 9: p. 1927-36.
2235 Maneeton, N., B. Maneeton, M. Srisurapanont, and S.D. Martin, Bupropion for adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 2011. 65(7): p. 611-7.
2237 Maneeton, N., et al., Exploratory meta-analysis on lisdexamfetamine versus placebo in adult ADHD. Drug Des Devel Ther, 2014. 8: p. 1685-93.
2240 Maneeton, N., et al., Comparative efficacy, acceptability, and tolerability of dexmethylphenidate versus placebo in child and adolescent ADHD: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat, 2015. 11: p. 2943-52.
2376 Micoulaud-Franchi, J.A., et al., EEG neurofeedback treatments in children with ADHD: an updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Hum Neurosci, 2014. 8: p. 906.
2489 Mulqueen, J.M., C.A. Bartley, and M.H. Bloch, Meta-analysis: parental interventions for preschool ADHD. J Atten Disord, 2015. 19(2): p. 118-24.
2646 Otasowie, J., X. Castells, U.P. Ehimare, and C.H. Smith, Tricyclic antidepressants for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2014(9): p. Cd006997.
2694 Park, W.J., S.J. Park, and S.D. Hwang, [Effects of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder among School-aged Children in Korea: A Meta-Analysis]. J Korean Acad Nurs, 2015. 45(2): p. 169-82.
2785 Pievsky, M.A. and R.E. McGrath, Neurocognitive effects of methylphenidate in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 2018. 90: p. 447-455.
2877 Punja, S., et al., Amphetamines for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2016. 2(2): p. Cd009996.
2892 Qiu, H., et al., Efficacy of non-pharmacological interventions on executive functions in children and adolescents with ADHD: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Asian J Psychiatr, 2023. 87: p. 103692.
2902 Radonjić, N.V., et al., Nonstimulant Medications for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. CNS Drugs, 2023. 37(5): p. 381-397.
2907 Rahmani, E., et al., Is neurofeedback effective in children with ADHD? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurocase, 2022. 28(1): p. 84-95.
2998 Riera, M., et al., Discontinuation of pharmacological treatment of children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: meta-analysis of 63 studies enrolling 11,788 patients. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 2017. 234(17): p. 2657-2671.
2999 Riesco-Matías, P., J.R. Yela-Bernabé, A. Crego, and E. Sánchez-Zaballos, What Do Meta-Analyses Have to Say About the Efficacy of Neurofeedback Applied to Children With ADHD? Review of Previous Meta-Analyses and a New Meta-Analysis. J Atten Disord, 2021. 25(4): p. 473-485.
3004 Rimestad, M.L., R. Lambek, H. Zacher Christiansen, and E. Hougaard, Short- and Long-Term Effects of Parent Training for Preschool Children With or at Risk of ADHD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Atten Disord, 2019. 23(5): p. 423-434.
3090 Ruggiero, S., et al., Guanfacine for attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder in pediatrics: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol, 2014. 24(10): p. 1578-90.
3228 Seiffer, B., M. Hautzinger, R. Ulrich, and S. Wolf, The Efficacy of Physical Activity for Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Atten Disord, 2022. 26(5): p. 656-673.
3367 Sonuga-Barke, E.J., et al., Nonpharmacological interventions for ADHD: systematic review and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials of dietary and psychological treatments. Am J Psychiatry, 2013. 170(3): p. 275-89.
3419 Storebø OJ, Elmose Andersen M, Skoog M, et al. Social skills training for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children aged 5 to 18 years. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;6(6):CD008223. Published 2019 Jun 21. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008223.pub3
3425 Storebø, O.J., et al., Methylphenidate for children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2023. 3(3): p. Cd009885.
3441 Stuhec, M., P. Lukić, and I. Locatelli, Efficacy, Acceptability, and Tolerability of Lisdexamfetamine, Mixed Amphetamine Salts, Methylphenidate, and Modafinil in the Treatment of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Ann Pharmacother, 2019. 53(2): p. 121-133.
3442 Stuhec, M., B. Munda, V. Svab, and I. Locatelli, Comparative efficacy and acceptability of atomoxetine, lisdexamfetamine, bupropion and methylphenidate in treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis with focus on bupropion. J Affect Disord, 2015. 178: p. 149-59.
3448 Sugaya, L.S., L.C. Farhat, P. Califano, and G.V. Polanczyk, Efficacy of stimulants for preschool attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JCPP Adv, 2023. 3(3): p. e12146.
3490 Talebi, S., M. Miraghajani, A. Ghavami, and H. Mohammadi, The effect of zinc supplementation in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and dose-response meta‑analysis of randomized clinical trials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 2022. 62(32): p. 9093-9102.
3493 Tamminga, H.G., L. Reneman, H.M. Huizenga, and H.M. Geurts, Effects of methylphenidate on executive functioning in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder across the lifespan: a meta-regression analysis. Psychol Med, 2016. 46(9): p. 1791-807.
3681 Verbeeck, W., G.E. Bekkering, W. Van den Noortgate, and C. Kramers, Bupropion for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2017. 10(10): p. Cd009504.
3697 Vertessen, K., et al., Meta-analysis: Dose-Dependent Effects of Methylphenidate on Neurocognitive Functioning in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 2022. 61(5): p. 626-646.
3836 Westwood, S.J., et al., Computerized cognitive training in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials with blinded and objective outcomes. Mol Psychiatry, 2023. 28(4): p. 1402-1414.
3837 Westwood, S.J., J. Radua, and K. Rubia, Noninvasive brain stimulation in children and adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychiatry Neurosci, 2021. 46(1): p. E14-e33.
3923 Xie, Y., et al., Effectiveness of Physical Activity Intervention on ADHD Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Psychiatry, 2021. 12: p. 706625.
3929 Xue, J., Y. Zhang, and Y. Huang, A meta-analytic investigation of the impact of mindfulness-based interventions on ADHD symptoms. Medicine (Baltimore), 2019. 98(23): p. e15957.
3974 Yu, S., S. Shen, and M. Tao, Guanfacine for the Treatment of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol, 2023. 33(2): p. 40-50.
4036 Zhang, Z., et al., The Effect of Meditation-Based Mind-Body Interventions on Symptoms and Executive Function in People With ADHD: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Atten Disord, 2023. 27(6): p. 583-597.
8888 Bellato A, Perrott NJ, Marzulli L, Parlatini V, Coghill D, Cortese S. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: Effects of Pharmacological Treatment for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder on Quality of Life. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. May 30 2024;doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2024.05.023
8991 Maiti R, Mishra A, Jena M, Maji S, Padhan M, Mishra BR. Efficacy and safety of dasotraline in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Indian J Psychiatry. Apr 2024;66(4):326-335. doi:10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_3_24
8992 Farhat LC, Behling E, Landeros-Weisenberger A, de Barros PMF, Polanczyk GV, Cortese S, Bloch MH. Pharmacological Interventions for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents with Tourette Disorder: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. Article. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. Nov 2024;34(9):373-382. doi:10.1089/cap.2024.0049
8993 Maji S, Mishra A, Ramasubbu MK, Mohapatra D, Maiti R. Efficacy and safety of monoamine reuptake inhibitors in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A Bayesian network meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res. Aug 2024;176:403-410. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.06.048
8994 Mansour MEM, Alsaadany KR, Ahmed MAE, Elmetwalli AE. Safety and efficacy of dasotraline for patients with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 1594 patients including GRADE qualifications. Psychopharmacology (Berl). Dec 19 2024;doi:10.1007/s00213-024-06723-5
8995 Qiu C, Zhai Q, Chen S. Effects of Practicing Closed- vs. Open-Skill Exercises on Executive Functions in Individuals with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)-A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. Behav Sci (Basel). Jun 14 2024;14(6)doi:10.3390/bs14060499
8996 Yin Y, Wang X, Feng T. Noninvasive Brain Stimulation for Improving Cognitive Deficits and Clinical Symptoms in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Brain Sci. Dec 9 2024;14(12)doi:10.3390/brainsci14121237
8997 Yu CL, Kao YC, Thompson T, et al. Response Trajectories and Temporal Trends of Viloxazine Treatment for Young People With ADHD: A Meta-Analysis. JAMA Netw Open. Nov 4 2024;7(11):e2445885. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.45885
8999 Chen CM, Liang SC, Sun CK, Cheng YS, Hung KC. A meta-analysis of randomized sham-controlled trials of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Review. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry. 2024;46(no pagination)e20233428. doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.47626/1516-4446-2023-3428
9000 Fu B, Zhou X, Zhou X, Li X, Chen Z, Zhang Y, Du Q. Efficacy and Safety of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Brain and Behavior. 2025;15(1):e70246. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.70246
9001 Liang SC, Sun CK, Chang CH, et al. Therapeutic efficacy of probiotics for symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: meta-analysis. BJPsych Open. Jan 25 2024;10(1):e36. doi:10.1192/bjo.2023.645
9002 Groenman AP, Hornstra R, Hoekstra PJ, et al. An Individual Participant Data Meta-analysis: Behavioral Treatments for Children and Adolescents With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2022/02/01/ 2022;61(2):144-158. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2021.02.024
3305 Singh, A., M.K. Balasundaram, and A. Singh, Viloxazine for Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. J Cent Nerv Syst Dis, 2022. 14: p. 11795735221092522.
3467 Sung, M.C., B. Ku, W. Leung, and M. MacDonald, The Effect of Physical Activity Interventions on Executive Function Among People with Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Meta-Analysis. J Autism Dev Disord, 2022. 52(3): p. 1030-1050.

S9. Excluded studies

id cite reason n
222 Baird, D. and A. Hoffman, Use of amphetamines for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults. American Family Physician, 2019. 100(5): p. 278-279. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
266 Battagliese, G., et al., Cognitive-behavioral therapy for externalizing disorders: A meta-analysis of treatment effectiveness. Behav Res Ther, 2015. 75: p. 60-71. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
470 Bruton, A., et al., Phosphatidylserine for the treatment of pediatric attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Global Advances in Health and Medicine, 2020. Conference: International Congress on Integrative Medicine and Health, ICIMH 2020. Cleveland, OH United States. 9: p. 70. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
471 Bruton, A., et al., Phosphatidylserine for the Treatment of Pediatric Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Altern Complement Med, 2021. 27(4): p. 312-322. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
506 Bustamante, E.E., et al., Diverse multi-week physical activity programs reduce ADHD symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 2022. 63: p. 102268. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
507 Bustamante, E.E., et al., Diverse Multi-Week Physical Activity Programs Reduce ADHD Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 2022. 54(9): p. 51-52. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
607 Charach, A., et al., Interventions for preschool children at high risk for ADHD: a comparative effectiveness review. Pediatrics, 2013. 131(5): p. e1584-604. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
642 Cheng, J.Y., R.Y. Chen, J.S. Ko, and E.M. Ng, Efficacy and safety of atomoxetine for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents-meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 2007. 194(2): p. 197-209. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
653 Chierrito de Oliveira, D., et al., Safety of Treatments for ADHD in Adults: Pairwise and Network Meta-Analyses. J Atten Disord, 2019. 23(2): p. 111-120. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
657 Chimiklis, A.L., et al., Yoga, Mindfulness, and Meditation Interventions for Youth with ADHD: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 2018. 27(10): p. 3155-3168. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
675 Chueh, T.Y., et al., Effects of a single bout of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity on executive functions in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 2022. 58: p. 102097. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
723 Connor, D.F., K.E. Fletcher, and J.M. Swanson, A meta-analysis of clonidine for symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 1999. 38(12): p. 1551-9. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
734 Cooper, R.E., et al., The effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on emotional dysregulation, oppositional behaviour and conduct problems in ADHD: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord, 2016. 190: p. 474-482. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
736 Corcoran, J. and P. Dattalo, Parent involvement in treatment for ADHD: A meta-analysis of the published studies. Research on Social Work Practice, 2006. 16(6): p. 561-570. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
739 Cordier, R., et al., Friendship interventions for children with neurodevelopmental needs: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One, 2023. 18(12): p. e0295917. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
740 Cordier, R., et al., Peer Inclusion in Interventions for Children with ADHD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Biomed Res Int, 2018. 2018: p. 7693479. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
748 Corrigan, N., C.R. Păsărelu, and A. Voinescu, Immersive virtual reality for improving cognitive deficits in children with ADHD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Virtual Real, 2023: p. 1-20. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
774 Cortese, S., et al., Neurofeedback for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Meta-Analysis of Clinical and Neuropsychological Outcomes From Randomized Controlled Trials. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 2016. 55(6): p. 444-55. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
871 De Crescenzo, F., et al., The use of actigraphy in the monitoring of methylphenidate versus placebo in ADHD: a meta-analysis. Atten Defic Hyperact Disord, 2014. 6(1): p. 49-58. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
885 de Oliveira, F.N., et al., Use of Bach flower remedies in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Advances in Integrative Medicine., 2023. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
905 Dekkers, T.J., et al., Meta-analysis: Which Components of Parent Training Work for Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 2022. 61(4): p. 478-494. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
1020 DuPaul, G.J. and T.L. Eckert, The effects of school-based interventions for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A meta-analysis. School Psychology Review, 1997. 26(1): p. 5-27. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
1021 DuPaul, G.J., T.L. Eckert, and B. Vilardo, The effects of school-based interventions for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analysis 1996-2010. School Psychology Review, 2012. 41(4): p. 387-412. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
1052 Elbe, P., et al., Computerized cognitive interventions for adults with ADHD: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuropsychology, 2023. 37(5): p. 519-530. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
1081 Fabiano, G.A., et al., A meta-analysis of behavioral treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Clin Psychol Rev, 2009. 29(2): p. 129-40. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
1084 Fabiano, G.A., et al., Comprehensive meta-analysis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder psychosocial treatments investigated within between group studies. Review of Educational Research, 2021. 91(5): p. 718-760. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
1089 Falone, A., et al., Homeopathic remedies in psychiatric disorders: A metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials. European Psychiatry, 2020. 63(Supplement 1): p. S145-S146. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
1129 Farcas, S., I. Szamosközi, and Á. Takács, The effects of working memory trainings with game elements for children with ADHD A meta-analytic review. Erdélyi Pszichológiai Szemle, 2016. 17(1): p. 21-44. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
1183 Fluyau, D., N. Revadigar, and C.G. Pierre, Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: Treatment of Substance Use Disorder in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Am J Addict, 2021. 30(2): p. 110-121. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
1238 Gaastra, G.F., Y. Groen, L. Tucha, and O. Tucha, The Effects of Classroom Interventions on Off-Task and Disruptive Classroom Behavior in Children with Symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Meta-Analytic Review. PLoS One, 2016. 11(2): p. e0148841. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
1287 Gayleard, J.L. and M.P. Mychailyszyn, Atomoxetine treatment for children and adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): a comprehensive meta-analysis of outcomes on parent-rated core symptomatology. Atten Defic Hyperact Disord, 2017. 9(3): p. 149-160. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
1373 Grande, A.J., et al., Efficacy of school-based interventions for mental health problems in children and adolescents in low and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Psychiatry, 2022. 13: p. 1012257. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
1489 Hawkey, E. and J.T. Nigg, Omega-3 fatty acid and ADHD: blood level analysis and meta-analytic extension of supplementation trials. Clin Psychol Rev, 2014. 34(6): p. 496-505. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
1492 Hazell, P.L., et al., Core ADHD symptom improvement with atomoxetine versus methylphenidate: a direct comparison meta-analysis. J Atten Disord, 2011. 15(8): p. 674-83. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
1546 Hodgson, K., A.D. Hutchinson, and L. Denson, Nonpharmacological treatments for ADHD: a meta-analytic review. J Atten Disord, 2014. 18(4): p. 275-82. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
1594 Hu, X., L. Pan, and W. Li, Meta-analysis on the efficacy of the norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors reboxetine and atomoxetine for the treatment of schizophrenia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Adv Clin Exp Med, 2023. 32(5): p. 511-522. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
1658 Iznardo, M., et al., The Effectiveness of Daily Behavior Report Cards for Children With ADHD: A Meta-Analysis. J Atten Disord, 2020. 24(12): p. 1623-1636. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
1775 Karch, D., et al., The efficacy of cognitive training programs in children and adolescents. Deutsches Arzteblatt International, 2013. 110(39): p. 643-652. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
1793 Kavale, K., The efficacy of stimulant drug treatment for hyperactivity: a meta-analysis. J Learn Disabil, 1982. 15(5): p. 280-9. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
1825 Kidwell, K.M., T.R. Van Dyk, A. Lundahl, and T.D. Nelson, Stimulant Medications and Sleep for Youth With ADHD: A Meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 2015. 136(6): p. 1144-53. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
1869 Knouse, L.E., J. Teller, and M.A. Brooks, Meta-analysis of cognitive-behavioral treatments for adult ADHD. J Consult Clin Psychol, 2017. 85(7): p. 737-750. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
1951 Lan, Y., L.L. Zhang, and R. Luo, Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children: comparative efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine and methylphenidate. J Int Med Res, 2009. 37(3): p. 939-48. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
1987 Lee, C.S.C., et al., The Effects of Theta/Beta-based Neurofeedback Training on Attention in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev, 2023. 54(6): p. 1577-1606. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
1988 Lee, C.S.C., K.H. Ng, P.C.K. Chan, and X. Peng, Effectiveness of mindfulness parent training on parenting stress and children’s ADHD-related behaviors: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Hong Kong J Occup Ther, 2022. 35(1): p. 3-24. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
1995 Lee, M.S., et al., Acupuncture for treating attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Chin J Integr Med, 2011. 17(4): p. 257-60. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
2006 Lee, Y.C., C.R. Chen, and K.C. Lin, Effects of Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Children and Adolescents with ADHD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2022. 19(22). Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
2075 Li, Y. and L. Zhang, Efficacy of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Combined with Pharmacotherapy Versus Pharmacotherapy Alone in Adult ADHD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Atten Disord, 2023: p. 10870547231214969. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
2080 Liang, E.F., et al., The Effect of Methylphenidate and Atomoxetine on Heart Rate and Systolic Blood Pressure in Young People and Adults with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2018. 15(8). Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
2105 Linderkamp, F. and G. Lauth, Efficacy of pharmacological versus psychotherapeutic therapies in adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): An empirical meta-analysis. [German]. Verhaltenstherapie, 2011. 21(4): p. 229-238. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
2130 Liu, T.H., et al., Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids for Core Symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Clin Psychiatry, 2023. 84(5). Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
2163 Louthrenoo, O., et al., The Effects of Neurofeedback on Executive Functioning in Children With ADHD: A Meta-Analysis. J Atten Disord, 2022. 26(7): p. 976-984. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
2179 Lundahl, B., H.J. Risser, and M.C. Lovejoy, A meta-analysis of parent training: moderators and follow-up effects. Clin Psychol Rev, 2006. 26(1): p. 86-104. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
2217 Majewicz-Hefley, A. and J.S. Carlson, A meta-analysis of combined treatments for children diagnosed with ADHD. J Atten Disord, 2007. 10(3): p. 239-50. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
2350 Melby-Lervåg, M. and C. Hulme, Is working memory training effective? A meta-analytic review. Dev Psychol, 2013. 49(2): p. 270-91. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
2362 Mészáros, A., et al., Pharmacotherapy of adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a meta-analysis. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol, 2009. 12(8): p. 1137-47. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
2445 Moore, D.A., et al., School-based interventions for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review with multiple synthesis methods. Review of Education, 2018. 6(3): p. 209-263. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
2479 Moukhtarian, T.R., et al., Effects of stimulants and atomoxetine on emotional lability in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Psychiatry, 2017. 44: p. 198-207. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
2524 Narimani, M., E. Ensafi, and N.M. Aval, Effectiveness of neurofeedback treatment on adult ADHD: A meta-analysis. Journal of Practice in Clinical Psychology, 2018. 6(2): p. 73-82. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
2556 Ni, X., J.Y. Zhang, X. Han, and D. Yin, A Meta-analysis on Acupuncture Treatment of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. [Chinese]. Zhen ci yan jiu = Acupuncture research / [Zhongguo yi xue ke xue yuan Yi xue qing bao yan jiu suo bian ji], 2015. 40(4): p. 319-325. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
2622 Oh, S., J. Choi, D.H. Han, and E. Kim, Effects of game-based digital therapeutics on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents as assessed by parents or teachers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 2023. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
2627 Oliva, F., et al., The efficacy of mindfulness-based interventions in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder beyond core symptoms: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. J Affect Disord, 2021. 292: p. 475-486. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
2658 Padilha, S., et al., Efficacy and safety of drugs for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: a network meta-analysis. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 2018. 27(10): p. 1335-1345. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
2682 Pappadopulos, E., et al., Pharmacotherapy of aggression in children and adolescents: Efficacy and effect size. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2006. 15(1): p. 27-39. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
2723 Pauli-Pott, U., C. Mann, and K. Becker, Do cognitive interventions for preschoolers improve executive functions and reduce ADHD and externalizing symptoms? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 2021. 30(10): p. 1503-1521. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
2744 Peng, P. and A.C. Miller, Does attention training work? A selective meta-analysis to explore the effects of attention training and moderators. Learning and Individual Differences, 2016. 45: p. 77-87. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
2747 Peng, S., Y. Fang, A.T. Othman, and J. Liang, Meta-analysis and systematic review of physical activity on neurodevelopment disorders, depression, and obesity among children and adolescents. Front Psychol, 2022. 13: p. 940977. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
2755 Perez-Mana, C., et al., Efficacy of psychostimulant drugs for amphetamine abuse or dependence. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2013. 2013(9) (no pagination). Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
2760 Perrotte, G., et al., Effects of Caffeine on Main Symptoms in Children with ADHD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials. Brain Sci, 2023. 13(9). Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
2770 Peterson, K., M.S. McDonagh, and R. Fu, Comparative benefits and harms of competing medications for adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and indirect comparison meta-analysis. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 2008. 197(1): p. 1-11. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
2816 Poissant, H., A. Moreno, S. Potvin, and A. Mendrek, A meta-analysis of mindfulness-based interventions in adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: Impact on ADHD symptoms, depression, and executive functioning. Mindfulness, 2020. 11(12): p. 2669-2681. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
2843 Powell, L.A., J. Parker, A. Weighall, and V. Harpin, Psychoeducation Intervention Effectiveness to Improve Social Skills in Young People with ADHD: A Meta-Analysis. J Atten Disord, 2022. 26(3): p. 340-357. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
2849 Pozzi, M., et al., Adverse drug events related to mood and emotion in paediatric patients treated for ADHD: A meta-analysis. J Affect Disord, 2018. 238: p. 161-178. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
2855 Prasad, V., et al., How effective are drug treatments for children with ADHD at improving on-task behaviour and academic achievement in the school classroom? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 2013. 22(4): p. 203-16. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
2866 Pringsheim, T., L. Hirsch, D. Gardner, and D.A. Gorman, The pharmacological management of oppositional behaviour, conduct problems, and aggression in children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and conduct disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Part 1: psychostimulants, alpha-2 agonists, and atomoxetine. Can J Psychiatry, 2015. 60(2): p. 42-51. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
2885 Puri, B.K. and J.G. Martins, Which polyunsaturated fatty acids are active in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder receiving PUFA supplementation? A fatty acid validated meta-regression analysis of randomized controlled trials. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids, 2014. 90(5): p. 179-89. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
2930 Rapport, M.D., S.A. Orban, M.J. Kofler, and L.M. Friedman, Do programs designed to train working memory, other executive functions, and attention benefit children with ADHD? A meta-analytic review of cognitive, academic, and behavioral outcomes. Clin Psychol Rev, 2013. 33(8): p. 1237-52. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
2939 Ravishankar, V., S.V. Chowdappa, V. Benegal, and K. Muralidharan, The efficacy of atomoxetine in treating adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A meta-analysis of controlled trials. Asian J Psychiatr, 2016. 24: p. 53-58. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
2955 Reichow, B., F.R. Volkmar, and M.H. Bloch, Systematic review and meta-analysis of pharmacological treatment of the symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children with pervasive developmental disorders. J Autism Dev Disord, 2013. 43(10): p. 2435-41. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
2969 Ren, X., et al., Effectiveness of digital game-based trainings in children with neurodevelopmental disorders: A meta-analysis. Res Dev Disabil, 2023. 133: p. 104418. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
3030 Rodrigues, R., et al., Practitioner Review: Pharmacological treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in children and youth with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 2021. 62(6): p. 680-700. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
3045 Romero-Ayuso, D., et al., Effectiveness of Virtual Reality-Based Interventions for Children and Adolescents with ADHD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Children (Basel), 2021. 8(2). Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
3058 Roskell, N.S., J. Setyawan, E.A. Zimovetz, and P. Hodgkins, Systematic evidence synthesis of treatments for ADHD in children and adolescents: indirect treatment comparisons of lisdexamfetamine with methylphenidate and atomoxetine. Curr Med Res Opin, 2014. 30(8): p. 1673-85. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
3066 Rotella, F., et al., Homeopathic Remedies in Psychiatric Disorders: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Clin Psychopharmacol, 2020. 40(3): p. 269-275. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
3131 Salehinejad, M.A., et al., Transcranial direct current stimulation in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analysis of neuropsychological deficits. PLoS One, 2019. 14(4): p. e0215095. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
3178 Schachter, H.M., et al., How efficacious and safe is short-acting methylphenidate for the treatment of attention-deficit disorder in children and adolescents? A meta-analysis. Cmaj, 2001. 165(11): p. 1475-88. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
3216 Schwartz, S. and C.U. Correll, Efficacy and safety of atomoxetine in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: results from a comprehensive meta-analysis and metaregression. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 2014. 53(2): p. 174-87. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
3269 Shephard, E., et al., Systematic Review and Meta-analysis: The Science of Early-Life Precursors and Interventions for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 2022. 61(2): p. 187-226. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
3285 Shou, S., et al., Efficacy of Online Intervention for ADHD: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. Front Psychol, 2022. 13: p. 854810. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
3290 Sibbick, E., et al., Acute effects of physical activity on cognitive function in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Mental Health and Physical Activity, 2022. 23(no pagination). Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
3292 Silva, R.R., D.M. Munoz, and M. Alpert, Carbamazepine use in children and adolescents with features of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 1996. 35(3): p. 352-8. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
3363 Song, Y., B. Fan, C. Wang, and H. Yu, Meta-analysis of the effects of physical activity on executive function in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. PLoS One, 2023. 18(8): p. e0289732. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
3381 Spencer-Smith, M. and T. Klingberg, Benefits of a working memory training program for inattention in daily life: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One, 2015. 10(3): p. e0119522. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
3403 Stein, M.A., et al., Behavioral and cognitive effects of methylxanthines. A meta-analysis of theophylline and caffeine. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 1996. 150(3): p. 284-8. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
3456 Sun, F., et al., Structured physical exercise interventions and children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Child Care Health Dev, 2023. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
3462 Sun, W., M. Yu, and X. Zhou, Effects of physical exercise on attention deficit and other major symptoms in children with ADHD: A meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res, 2022. 311: p. 114509. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
3500 Tan, X., et al., Efficacy and Safety of SPN-812 (Extended-Release Viloxazine) in Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Brain Sci, 2023. 13(12). Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
3642 Van Doren, J., et al., Sustained effects of neurofeedback in ADHD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 2019. 28(3): p. 293-305. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
3649 van Schalkwyk, G.I., et al., Efficacy of antipsychotics for irritability and aggression in children: a meta-analysis. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2017. 17(10): p. 1045-1053. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
3664 Varigonda, A.L., J.B. Edgcomb, and B.T. Zima, The impact of exercise in improving executive function impairments among children and adolescents with adhd, autism spectrum disorder, and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Revista de Psiquiatria Clinica, 2020. 47(5): p. 146-156. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
3726 Vysniauske, R., L. Verburgh, J. Oosterlaan, and M.L. Molendijk, The Effects of Physical Exercise on Functional Outcomes in the Treatment of ADHD: A Meta-Analysis. J Atten Disord, 2020. 24(5): p. 644-654. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
3774 Wang, S.M., et al., Modafinil for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res, 2017. 84: p. 292-300. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
3783 Ward, R.J., et al., The Effects of ADHD Teacher Training Programs on Teachers and Pupils: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Atten Disord, 2022. 26(2): p. 225-244. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
3834 Westwood, S.J., et al., Clinical and cognitive effects of external trigeminal nerve stimulation (eTNS) in neurological and psychiatric disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry, 2023. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
3967 Young, Z., N. Moghaddam, and A. Tickle, The Efficacy of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Adults With ADHD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Atten Disord, 2020. 24(6): p. 875-888. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
3984 Zang, Y., Impact of physical exercise on children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorders: Evidence through a meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore), 2019. 98(46): p. e17980. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
4022 Zhang, M., Z. Liu, H. Ma, and D.M. Smith, Chronic Physical Activity for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and/or Autism Spectrum Disorder in Children: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Front Behav Neurosci, 2020. 14: p. 564886. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
4052 Zhu, F., et al., Comparative effectiveness of various physical exercise interventions on executive functions and related symptoms in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Front Public Health, 2023. 11: p. 1133727. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
8998 Ahmad S, Naeem K, Ali M, et al. Effect of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Children Affected by Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder : A Meta-Analysis. 2018: Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
9003 Bryant BR, Sisk MR, McGuire JF. Efficacy of Gamified Digital Mental Health Interventions for Pediatric Mental Health Conditions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JAMA Pediatrics. 2024;178(11):1136-1146. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2024.3139 Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
9005 Dutta T, Anand U, Mitra SS, et al. Phytotherapy for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Systematic Review. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2022-May-03 2022;13doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.827411 Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
9007 Fang Y, Sun F, Wang Z, et al. Cognitively combined/engaged physical activity for the executive function, symptomology, and motor competence of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Research in Developmental Disabilities. 2024/12/01/ 2024;155:104880. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2024.104880 Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
9008 Fang Z, Liu X, Zhang C, Lachman JM, Qiao D. Parenting Interventions That Promote Child Protection and Development for Preschool-Age Children with Developmental Disabilities: A Global Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse. 2024;25(3):2128-2142. doi:10.1177/15248380231207965 Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
9012 Isfandnia F, El Masri S, Radua J, Rubia K. The effects of chronic administration of stimulant and non-stimulant medications on executive functions in ADHD: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2024/07/01/ 2024;162:105703. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105703 Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
9015 Li H, Zhang P, Yan B. Does type of exercise matter? Network meta-analysis of the effects of different exercise modalities on inhibitory control in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Current Psychology. 2024/09/17 2024;doi:10.1007/s12144-024-06661-7 Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
9016 Li Y, Zhang L. Efficacy of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Combined with Pharmacotherapy Versus Pharmacotherapy Alone in Adult ADHD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Attention Disorders. 2024;28(3):279-292. doi:10.1177/10870547231214969 Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
9018 Nigg JT, Bruton A, Kozlowski MB, Johnstone JM, Karalunas SL. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: Do White Noise or Pink Noise Help With Task Performance in Youth With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder or With Elevated Attention Problems? Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2024;63(8):778-788. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2023.12.014 Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
9019 Oh S, Jang JS, Jeon AR, Kim G, Kwon M, Cho B, Lee N. Effectiveness of sensory integration therapy in children, focusing on Korean children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Clin Cases. Mar 6 2024;12(7):1260-1271. doi:10.12998/wjcc.v12.i7.1260 Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
9020 Phillips ST, Druskin LR, Mychailyszyn MP, Victory E, Aman E, McNeil CB. The Efficacy of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) for Youth with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Meta-Analysis. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. Mar 5 2024;doi:10.1007/s10578-024-01678-2 Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
9022 Steen-García L, Franco-Jiménez R, Ibáñez-Alfonso JA. [Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. A systematic review]. Rev Neurol. Nov 1 2024;79(9):239-246. Estimulación transcraneal por corriente directa (tDCS) en adultos con trastorno por déficit de atención/hiperactividad. Una revisión sistemática. doi:10.33588/rn.7909.2024294 Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
9023 Sun F, Fang Y, Chan CKM, et al. Structured physical exercise interventions and children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Child: Care, Health and Development. 2024;50(1):e13150. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.13150 Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
9026 Yang G, Liu Q, Wang W, Liu W, Li J. Effect of aerobic exercise on the improvement of executive function in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Psychol. 2024;15:1376354. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1376354 Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
9027 Zou X, Yu F, Huang Q, Huang Y. The effect of cognitive training on children with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analysis. Appl Neuropsychol Child. Jan 23 2024:1-10. doi:10.1080/21622965.2024.2305874 Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
9028 Zhou P, Yu X, Song T, Hou X. Safety and efficacy of antioxidant therapy in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2024;19(3):e0296926. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0296926 Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
9029 Yu C, Wang C, Xie Q, Wang C. Effect of Virtual Reality Technology on Attention and Motor Ability in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JMIR Serious Games. Nov 27 2024;12:e56918. doi:10.2196/56918 Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
9031 Chen JW, Du WQ, Zhu K. Optimal exercise intensity for improving executive function in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: systematic review and network meta-analysis. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. Jun 26 2024;doi:10.1007/s00787-024-02507-6 Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
9033 Oh S, Choi J, Han DH, Kim E. Effects of game-based digital therapeutics on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents as assessed by parents or teachers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. Feb 2024;33(2):481-493. doi:10.1007/s00787-023-02174-z Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
9034 Rutledge-Jukes H, Jonnalagadda P, McIntosh AP, et al. Lisdexamfetamine’s Efficacy in Treating Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Meta-Analysis and Review. Cureus. Aug 2024;16(8):e68324. doi:10.7759/cureus.68324 Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
9035 Jia M, Hu F, Yang D. Effects of different exercise modalities on pediatric and adolescent populations with developmental disorders: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Pediatr. Nov 15 2024;184(1):18. doi:10.1007/s00431-024-05858-z Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
668 Choudhary, K., et al. Effectiveness and Safety of Ayurveda Intervention in Children and Adolescent with ADHD: A Systematic Review with Meta‐Analysis. Journal of Herbal Medicine 42 (2023): 100772. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
1997 Lee, P.C., et al., A meta-analysis of behavioral parent training for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Res Dev Disabil, 2012. 33(6): p. 2040-9. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
2224 Malkani, M.K., et al., Behavioral Sleep Interventions for Children With ADHD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Atten Disord, 2022. 26(14): p. 1805-1821. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
2992 Richardson, M., et al., Non-pharmacological interventions for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) delivered in school settings: systematic reviews of quantitative and qualitative research. Health Technol Assess, 2015. 19(45): p. 1-470. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
3636 Van der Oord, S., P.J. Prins, J. Oosterlaan, and P.M. Emmelkamp, Efficacy of methylphenidate, psychosocial treatments and their combination in school-aged children with ADHD: a meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev, 2008. 28(5): p. 783-800. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
3821 Welsch, L., et al., The effect of physical activity interventions on executive functions in children with ADHD: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Mental Health and Physical Activity, 2021. 20(no pagination). Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
4014 Zhang, J., A. Díaz-Román, and S. Cortese, Meditation-based therapies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children, adolescents and adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Evid Based Ment Health, 2018. 21(3): p. 87-94. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
4054 Zhu, S., et al., Efficacy and Safety of PRC-063 for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis From Randomized Controlled Trials. J Atten Disord, 2023. 27(5): p. 470-487. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
4063 Zulauf-McCurdy, C.A., et al., Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses: Safety and Efficacy of Complementary and Alternative Treatments for Pediatric Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. J Dev Behav Pediatr, 2023. 44(4): p. e322-e332. Unclear ADHD diagnosis 137
149 Arns, M., Neurofeedback in ADHD: Meta-analysis, current state and future perspectives. ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders, 2015. 1): p. S10. Abstract/Poster/Book/PhD/Editorial 39
435 Brauer, H., et al., Transcranial direct current stimulation in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analysis of clinical efficacy outcomes. Prog Brain Res, 2021. 264: p. 91-116. Abstract/Poster/Book/PhD/Editorial 39
560 Castells Cervello, X., M. Ramon, R. Cunill, and D. Serrano, Relationship between baseline ADHD severity and the efficacy of pharmacological treatment for ADHD: A meta-analysis and meta-regression. ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders, 2019. 11(1 Supplement): p. S62. Abstract/Poster/Book/PhD/Editorial 39
564 Castells, X. and R. Cunill, Pharmacological treatment of ADHD: An evidence map using minerva database, a new tool for clinical psychopharmacology research. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 2019. 29(Supplement 1): p. S141-S142. Abstract/Poster/Book/PhD/Editorial 39
567 Castells, X., R. Cunill, M. Riera, and D. Capella, Treatment discontinuation in clinical trials of methylphenidate and atomoxetine for adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, 2012. 1): p. 22. Abstract/Poster/Book/PhD/Editorial 39
659 Ching, C., A. Poulton, and G. Eslick, Evaluating the safety of methylphenidate and rationale for a maximum dose for titration: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials and case studies. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2017. 53(Supplement 3): p. 19. Abstract/Poster/Book/PhD/Editorial 39
816 Cunill, R., X. Castells, and D. Capella, The effect of treatment duration on methylphenidate discontinuation in adults with ADHD: A meta-analysis. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 2013. 2): p. S607. Abstract/Poster/Book/PhD/Editorial 39
1344 Gomez, Z. and P. Noble, Meta-analysis of the effect of modafinil in children and adolescents with attention deficit and hyperactive disorder. European Psychiatry, 2015. 1): p. 577. Abstract/Poster/Book/PhD/Editorial 39
1901 Kosters, M., S. Weinmann, and T. Becker, A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of methylphenidate in the treatment of adult ADHD. European Psychiatry. Conference: 18th European Congress of Psychiatry. Munich Germany. Conference Publication:, 2010. 25(SUPPL. 1). Abstract/Poster/Book/PhD/Editorial 39
2108 Ling, C., J. Murray, and F. McNicholas, Qtc Prolongation and Electrocardiogram Abnormalities Caused by Adhd Medications Amongst Paediatric Population. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Irish Journal of Medical Science, 2022. 191(SUPPL 1): p. S9-S10. Abstract/Poster/Book/PhD/Editorial 39
2138 Locatelli, I. and K. Venisnik, A network meta-analysis of atomoxetine, methylphenidate, lisdexamfetamine, and bupropion for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Value in Health, 2016. 19(7): p. A521-A522. Abstract/Poster/Book/PhD/Editorial 39
2166 Lowentha, R., et al., Modafinil forattention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 2017. 27(Supplement 4): p. S1107. Abstract/Poster/Book/PhD/Editorial 39
2236 Maneeton, N., B. Maneeton, and S. Srisurpanont, Bupropion for adults with ADHD: Metaanalysis of randomised, placebo-controlled trials. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 2010. 3): p. S422-S423. Abstract/Poster/Book/PhD/Editorial 39
2238 Maneeton, N., et al., A systematic review of randomised controlled trials of lisdexamfetamine versus placebo in the treatment of adults with ADHD. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 2014. 2): p. S208. Abstract/Poster/Book/PhD/Editorial 39
2239 Maneeton, N., et al., A systematic review of dexmethylphenidate versus placebo in child and adolescent ADHD: A meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 2015. 2): p. S642. Abstract/Poster/Book/PhD/Editorial 39
2259 Markel, C., Child-focused psychosocial interventions for children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A systematic review and meta-analysis. 2018, ProQuest Information & Learning. Abstract/Poster/Book/PhD/Editorial 39
2264 Marquez-Castillo, R.L., Martial arts and ADHD: A meta-analysis. 2014, ProQuest Information & Learning. Abstract/Poster/Book/PhD/Editorial 39
2266 Marraccini, M.E., A meta-analysis of prescription stimulant efficacy: Are stimulants neurocognitive enhancers? 2016, ProQuest Information & Learning. Abstract/Poster/Book/PhD/Editorial 39
2463 Morris, S., et al., Interventions to improve social competence in adolescents with ADHD: A systematic review and meta-analysis. ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders, 2019. 11(1 Supplement): p. S80. Abstract/Poster/Book/PhD/Editorial 39
2784 Pievsky, M.A., Neurocognitive effects of methylphenidate in adults with ADHD. 2018, ProQuest Information & Learning. Abstract/Poster/Book/PhD/Editorial 39
2942 Reading, R., Review of Omega‐3 fatty acid supplementation for the treatment of children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptomatology: Systematic review and meta‐analysis. Child: Care, Health and Development, 2013. 39(1): p. 150-151. Abstract/Poster/Book/PhD/Editorial 39
2967 Ren, J., et al., The comparison of methylphenidate and atomoxetine on cognitive functions in children and adolescents with ADHD: A meta-analysis. ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders, 2017. 9(1 Supplement): p. S40. Abstract/Poster/Book/PhD/Editorial 39
2970 Ren, Y., Y. Xie, X. Gao, and L. Yang, Influence of physical activity intervention on symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analysis. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 2022. 64(SUPPL 2): p. 18. Abstract/Poster/Book/PhD/Editorial 39
3057 Roskell, N.S., J. Setyawan, E. Zimovetz, and P. Hodgkins, Systematic review and network meta-analysis of treatments used for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Value in Health, 2012. 15(7): p. A334. Abstract/Poster/Book/PhD/Editorial 39
3139 Sallee, F.R., L.E. Warrington, F.A. Lopez, and B. Incledon, Pooled Post Hoc Analysis of Permanent Product Measure of Performance (PERMP) Scores in Children With ADHD Treated With DR/ER-MPH from Two Phase 3 Studies. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2023. 62(10 Supplement): p. S318. Abstract/Poster/Book/PhD/Editorial 39
3366 Sonuga-Barke, E., et al., Meta-Analysis and Critique of Previous Neurofeedback RCTs. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2018. 57(10 Supplement): p. S282. Abstract/Poster/Book/PhD/Editorial 39
3373 Spalding, W., et al., Comparative efficacy and tolerability of lisdexamfetamine versus other treatments for adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A systematic literature review and network meta-analysis. Journal of Managed Care and Specialty Pharmacy, 2017. 23(10-A SUPPL.): p. S48-S49. Abstract/Poster/Book/PhD/Editorial 39
3440 Stuhec, M., P. Lukic, and I. Locatelli, Comparative efficacy of lisdexamfetamine, mixed amphetamine salts and methylphenidate in treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 2016. 26(Supplement 2): p. S446. Abstract/Poster/Book/PhD/Editorial 39
3443 Stuhec, M., B. Munda, V. Svab, and I. Locatelli, Comparative efficacy of atomoxetine, lisdexamfetamine, bupropion and methylphenidate in treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: A metaanalysis with focus on bupropion. European Psychiatry, 2015. 1): p. 421. Abstract/Poster/Book/PhD/Editorial 39
3450 Suh, F.M., et al., Systematic review of non-pharmacological interventions for attention deficit: A metaanalysis. Brain Injury, 2012. 26(4-5): p. 587. Abstract/Poster/Book/PhD/Editorial 39
3562 Thrash, L.A., A meta-analysis of psychologically-based treatments of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. 2007, ProQuest Information & Learning. p. 4468-4468. Abstract/Poster/Book/PhD/Editorial 39
3602 Turchiano, T.P., A meta-analysis of behavioral and cognitive therapies for children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity and/or impulsivity disorders. 2000, ProQuest Information & Learning. p. 5760-5760. Abstract/Poster/Book/PhD/Editorial 39
3671 Vedalaveni Chowdappa, S., V. Ravishankar, K. Muralidharan, and V. Benegal, The efficacy of atomoxetine in treating adult ADHD: A meta-analysis of placebo-controlled trials. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 2014. 1): p. 161. Abstract/Poster/Book/PhD/Editorial 39
3785 Warren, L., Does Parental Training in Children With ADHD Offer Better Outcomes in Respect to Treatment and Parental Stress? Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2018. 57(10 Supplement): p. S171. Abstract/Poster/Book/PhD/Editorial 39
3832 Westwood, S., J. Radua, and K. Rubia, Non-invasive brain stimulation in ADHD: A systematic review and meta-analysis. ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders, 2019. 11(1 Supplement): p. S51-S52. Abstract/Poster/Book/PhD/Editorial 39
3833 Westwood, S., J. Radua, and K. Rubia, Non-invasive brain stimulation as an alternative treatment for ADHD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Stimulation, 2019. 12(2): p. 502. Abstract/Poster/Book/PhD/Editorial 39
4007 Zerovnik, S., A. Rozman, and I. Locatelli, A Network Meta-Analysis of Medicines Used for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults. Value in Health, 2018. 21(Supplement 3): p. S278. Abstract/Poster/Book/PhD/Editorial 39
9004 Byrd E, Hemmings L. Physiotherapeutic Interventions in Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services: The evidence for who, what and why. Physiotherapy. 2024;123:e1-e2. doi:10.1016/j.physio.2024.04.002 Abstract/Poster/Book/PhD/Editorial 39
9010 Fiani D, Chahine S, Zaboube M, Solmi M, Calarge CA. 4.42 Psychiatric and Cognitive Outcomes of Iron Supplementation in Nonanemic Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2024;63(10):S244. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2024.08.287 Abstract/Poster/Book/PhD/Editorial 39
340 Biederman, J., et al., Effect of comorbid symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder on responses to atomoxetine in children with ADHD: a meta-analysis of controlled clinical trial data. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 2007. 190(1): p. 31-41. Wrong design/outcome 26
551 Carucci, S., et al., Long term methylphenidate exposure and growth in children and adolescents with ADHD. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 2021. 120: p. 509-525. Wrong design/outcome 26
713 Cohen, S.C., et al., Meta-Analysis: Risk of Tics Associated With Psychostimulant Use in Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trials. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 2015. 54(9): p. 728-36. Wrong design/outcome 26
1853 Kleeren, L., et al., A Critical View on Motor-based Interventions to Improve Motor Skill Performance in Children With ADHD: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Atten Disord, 2023. 27(4): p. 354-367. Wrong design/outcome 26
2122 Liu, H.L.V., F. Sun, D.I. Anderson, and C.Y.A. Tse, The Effect of Physical Activity Intervention on Motor Proficiency in Children and Adolescents with ADHD: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev, 2023. Wrong design/outcome 26
2229 Maloy, M. and R. Peterson, A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of music interventions for children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychomusicology: Music, Mind, and Brain, 2014. 24(4): p. 328-339. Wrong design/outcome 26
2374 Mick, E., D.D. McManus, and R.J. Goldberg, Meta-analysis of increased heart rate and blood pressure associated with CNS stimulant treatment of ADHD in adults. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol, 2013. 23(6): p. 534-41. Wrong design/outcome 26
2568 Nigg, J.T., K. Lewis, T. Edinger, and M. Falk, Meta-analysis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms, restriction diet, and synthetic food color additives. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 2012. 51(1): p. 86-97.e8. Wrong design/outcome 26
2695 Park, W.J., J.Y. Seo, and M.Y. Kim, [Meta analysis of variables related to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in school-age children]. J Korean Acad Nurs, 2011. 41(2): p. 256-68. Wrong design/outcome 26
2765 Perwien, A.R., et al., Improvement in health-related quality of life in children with ADHD: an analysis of placebo controlled studies of atomoxetine. J Dev Behav Pediatr, 2004. 25(4): p. 264-71. Wrong design/outcome 26
2915 Ramírez-Saco, D., et al., Nocebo Response in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression of 105 Randomized Clinical Trials. J Atten Disord, 2022. 26(11): p. 1412-1421. Wrong design/outcome 26
2923 Ramstad, E., et al., Hallucinations and other psychotic symptoms in response to methylphenidate in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a Cochrane systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis(). Scand J Child Adolesc Psychiatr Psychol, 2018. 6(1): p. 52-71. Wrong design/outcome 26
3199 Schoenfelder, E.N., S.V. Faraone, and S.H. Kollins, Stimulant treatment of ADHD and cigarette smoking: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 2014. 133(6): p. 1070-80. Wrong design/outcome 26
3561 Thongseiratch, T., K. Chalermphol, P. Traipidok, and P. Charleowsak, Promoting Medication Adherence in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Mixed-Methods Systematic Review with Meta-analysis and Qualitative Comparative Analysis. J Atten Disord, 2024. 28(2): p. 139-150. Wrong design/outcome 26
3596 Tsujii, N., et al., Effect ot Continuing and Discontinuing Medications on Quality of Life after Symptomatic Remission in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 2020. 81(3): p. E1-E11. Wrong design/outcome 26
3653 Vancampfort, D., et al., Dropout from physical activity interventions in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Mental Health and Physical Activity, 2016. 11: p. 46-52. Wrong design/outcome 26
3764 Wang, M., et al., Effects of Physical Activity on Inhibitory Function in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2023. 20(2). Wrong design/outcome 26
3956 Ye, Y., K. Ning, B.J. Wan, and C.Z. Shangguan, The Effects of the Exercise Intervention on Fundamental Movement Skills in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and/or Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Meta-Analysis. Sustainability, 2023. 15(6): p. 13. Wrong design/outcome 26
663 Chiu, H.J., et al., Surface electroencephalographic neurofeedback improves sustained attention in ADHD: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health, 2022. 16(1): p. 104. Wrong design/outcome 26
1018 Duong, K.L., B.R. Yang, H.Y. Yun, and J.W. Chae, Effect of methylphenidate on height in pediatric attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 2023. Wrong design/outcome 26
1121 Faraone, S.V., et al., Placebo and nocebo responses in randomised, controlled trials of medications for ADHD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry, 2022. 27(1): p. 212-219. Wrong design/outcome 26
1631 Idrees, I., A. Bellato, S. Cortese, and M.J. Groom, The effects of stimulant and non-stimulant medications on the autonomic nervous system (ANS) functioning in people with ADHD: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 2023. 144: p. 104968. Wrong design/outcome 26
2303 Matsui, Y., et al., Azapirones for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review. Pharmacopsychiatry, 2016. 49(3): p. 97-106. Wrong design/outcome 26
2673 Pan, P.Y., et al., Headache in ADHD as comorbidity and a side effect of medications: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Med, 2022. 52(1): p. 14-25. Wrong design/outcome 26
3652 van Wyk, G.W., et al., How oppositionality, inattention, and hyperactivity affect response to atomoxetine versus methylphenidate: a pooled meta-analysis. J Atten Disord, 2012. 16(4): p. 314-24. Wrong design/outcome 26
4067 Zwi, M., et al., Parent training interventions for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children aged 5 to 18 years. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2011. 2011(12): p. Cd003018. Wrong design/outcome 26
1218 Fridman, M., P.S. Hodgkins, J.S. Kahle, and M.H. Erder, Predicted effect size of lisdexamfetamine treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in European adults: Estimates based on indirect analysis using a systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Eur Psychiatry, 2015. 30(4): p. 521-7. Nonreplicable 15
1736 Joseph, A., et al., Comparative efficacy and safety of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder pharmacotherapies, including guanfacine extended release: a mixed treatment comparison. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 2017. 26(8): p. 875-897. Nonreplicable 15
2002 Lee, S., et al., Can Neurocognitive Outcomes Assist Measurement-Based Care for Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of the Relationships Among the Changes in Neurocognitive Functions and Clinical Outcomes of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Pharmacological and Cognitive Training Interventions. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol, 2022. 32(5): p. 250-277. Nonreplicable 15
2073 Li, Y., et al., An Evaluation on the Efficacy and Safety of Treatments for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents: a Comparison of Multiple Treatments. Mol Neurobiol, 2017. 54(9): p. 6655-6669. Nonreplicable 15
9017 Matsumoto K, Hamatani S, Kunisato Y, Mizuno Y. Components of cognitive–behavioural therapy for mitigating core symptoms in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ Mental Health. 2024;27(1):e301303. doi:10.1136/bmjment-2024-301303 Nonreplicable 15
9025 Tao R, Yang Y, Wilson M, Chang JR, Liu C, Sit CHP. Comparative effectiveness of physical activity interventions on cognitive functions in children and adolescents with Neurodevelopmental Disorders: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. Jan 13 2025;22(1):6. doi:10.1186/s12966-024-01702-7 Nonreplicable 15
9032 Wu G, He Q, Li D, Zhang Z, Miao J, Shu Y. Comparative Efficacy of Neurofeedback Interventions for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children: A Network Meta-Analysis. Brain Behav. Dec 2024;14(12):e70194. doi:10.1002/brb3.70194 Nonreplicable 15
1101 Faraone, S.V., Using Meta-analysis to Compare the Efficacy of Medications for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Youths. P t, 2009. 34(12): p. 678-94. Nonreplicable 15
1116 Faraone, S.V. and J. Buitelaar, Comparing the efficacy of stimulants for ADHD in children and adolescents using meta-analysis. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 2010. 19(4): p. 353-64. Nonreplicable 15
1125 Faraone, S.V., et al., Meta-analysis of the efficacy of methylphenidate for treating adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol, 2004. 24(1): p. 24-9. Nonreplicable 15
1950 Lambez, B., A. Harwood-Gross, E.Z. Golumbic, and Y. Rassovsky, Non-pharmacological interventions for cognitive difficulties in ADHD: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res, 2020. 120: p. 40-55. Nonreplicable 15
2054 Li, D., et al., Effects of different physical activity interventions on children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Neurosci, 2023. 17: p. 1139263. Nonreplicable 15
3003 Riise, E.N., G.J.H. Wergeland, U. Njardvik, and L.G. Öst, Cognitive behavior therapy for externalizing disorders in children and adolescents in routine clinical care: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev, 2021. 83: p. 101954. Nonreplicable 15
3062 Rossano, F., et al., Efficacy and safety of selegiline across different psychiatric disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis of oral and transdermal formulations. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol, 2023. 72: p. 60-78. Nonreplicable 15
3579 Tourjman, V., et al., Psychosocial Interventions for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis by the CADDRA Guidelines Work GROUP. Brain Sci, 2022. 12(8). Nonreplicable 15
717 Comer, J.S., et al., Psychosocial treatment efficacy for disruptive behavior problems in very young children: a meta-analytic examination. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 2013. 52(1): p. 26-36. No ADHD subgroup 14
840 Dalgaard, N.T., A. Bondebjerg, B.C.A. Viinholt, and T. Filges, The effects of inclusion on academic achievement, socioemotional development and wellbeing of children with special educational needs. Campbell Syst Rev, 2022. 18(4): p. e1291. No ADHD subgroup 14
850 Darling, S.J., et al., Behavioral Intervention for Social Challenges in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr, 2021. 175(12): p. e213982. No ADHD subgroup 14
1007 Dudek, E. and D. Dodell-Feder, The efficacy of real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging neurofeedback for psychiatric illness: A meta-analysis of brain and behavioral outcomes. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 2021. 121: p. 291-306. No ADHD subgroup 14
2407 Mingebach, T., I. Kamp-Becker, H. Christiansen, and L. Weber, Meta-meta-analysis on the effectiveness of parent-based interventions for the treatment of child externalizing behavior problems. PLoS ONE, 2018. 13(9) (no pagination). No ADHD subgroup 14
2717 Patra, S., N. Nebhinani, A. Viswanathan, and R. Kirubakaran, Atomoxetine for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents with autism: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Autism Res, 2019. 12(4): p. 542-552. No ADHD subgroup 14
2788 Pilling, S., et al., Long-term outcomes of psychological interventions on children and young people’s mental health: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One, 2020. 15(11): p. e0236525. No ADHD subgroup 14
2865 Pringsheim, T., L. Hirsch, D. Gardner, and D.A. Gorman, The pharmacological management of oppositional behaviour, conduct problems, and aggression in children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and conduct disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Part 2: antipsychotics and traditional mood stabilizers. Can J Psychiatry, 2015. 60(2): p. 52-61. No ADHD subgroup 14
3444 Sturman, N., L. Deckx, and M.L. van Driel, Methylphenidate for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2017. 11(11): p. Cd011144. No ADHD subgroup 14
3515 Tarver, J., D. Daley, J. Lockwood, and K. Sayal, Are self-directed parenting interventions sufficient for externalising behaviour problems in childhood? A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2014. 23(12): p. 1123-1137. No ADHD subgroup 14
3672 Veenman, B., M. Luman, and J. Oosterlaan, Efficacy of behavioral classroom programs in primary school. A meta-analysis focusing on randomized controlled trials. PLoS One, 2018. 13(10): p. e0201779. No ADHD subgroup 14
3674 Vekety, B., H.N.A. Logemann, and Z.K. Takacs, The effect of mindfulness-based interventions on inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive behavior in childhood: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 2021. 45(2): p. 133-145. No ADHD subgroup 14
9013 Jamey K, Foster NEV, Hyde KL, Dalla Bella S. Does music training improve inhibition control in children? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cognition. 2024/11/01/ 2024;252:105913. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105913 No ADHD subgroup 14
9021 Seidel DH, Markes M, Grouven U, et al. Systemic therapy in children and adolescents with mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry. 2024/02/14 2024;24(1):125. doi:10.1186/s12888-024-05556-y No ADHD subgroup 14
242 Bangs, M.E., et al., Meta-analysis of suicide-related behavior events in patients treated with atomoxetine. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 2008. 47(2): p. 209-218. No systematic review 12
243 Bangs, M.E., et al., Meta-analysis of suicide-related behavior or ideation in child, adolescent, and adult patients treated with atomoxetine. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol, 2014. 24(8): p. 426-34. No systematic review 12
372 Bloch, M.H. and A. Qawasmi, Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation for the treatment of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptomatology: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 2011. 50(10): p. 991-1000. No systematic review 12
503 Bushe, C.J. and N.C. Savill, Suicide related events and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder treatments in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis of atomoxetine and methylphenidate comparator clinical trials. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health, 2013. 7: p. 19. No systematic review 12
1113 Faraone, S.V., J. Biederman, and C. Roe, Comparative efficacy of Adderall and methylphenidate in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis. J Clin Psychopharmacol, 2002. 22(5): p. 468-73. No systematic review 12
2544 Newcorn, J.H., et al., Efficacy of Guanfacine Extended Release in Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Comorbid Oppositional Defiant Disorder. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 2020. 41(7): p. 565-570. No systematic review 12
2829 Polzer, J., et al., Meta-analysis of aggression or hostility events in randomized, controlled clinical trials of atomoxetine for ADHD. Biol Psychiatry, 2007. 61(5): p. 713-9. No systematic review 12
3468 Surman, C.B.H. and D.M. Walsh, Do ADHD Treatments Improve Executive Behavior Beyond Core ADHD Symptoms in Adults? Evidence From Systematic Analysis of Clinical Trials. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 2023. 63(6): p. 640-653. No systematic review 12
3502 Tanaka, Y., et al., A meta-analysis of the consistency of atomoxetine treatment effects in pediatric patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder from 15 clinical trials across four geographic regions. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol, 2013. 23(4): p. 262-70. No systematic review 12
4019 Zhang, L., et al., The efficacy of acupuncture for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): An overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Complement Ther Med, 2023. 76: p. 102968. No systematic review 12
9014 Kang J, Lee H, Yu S, et al. Effects and safety of transcranial direct current stimulation on multiple health outcomes: an umbrella review of randomized clinical trials. Molecular Psychiatry. 2024/12/01 2024;29(12):3789-3801. doi:10.1038/s41380-024-02624-3 No systematic review 12
9024 Talib M, Rachdi M, Papazova A, Nicolis H. The Role of Dietary Patterns and Nutritional Supplements in the Management of Mental Disorders in Children and Adolescents: An Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses: Le rôle des habitudes alimentaires et des suppléments nutritionnels dans la prise en charge des troubles mentaux chez les enfants et les adolescents : une méta-revue de méta-analyses. Can J Psychiatry. Aug 2024;69(8):567-589. doi:10.1177/07067437241248070 No systematic review 12
17 Agapoff, J.A., Z. Chong, M. Meek, and G.I. van Schalkwyk, Pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic interventions for emotional lability: A meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 2023. 149: p. 105184. Mixed interventions 11
613 Charernboon, L. and W. Kosulwit, Pharmacological Treatments for Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Archives of Clinical Psychiatry, 2023. 50(1): p. 150-156. No meta-analysis 11
724 Connor, D.F., et al., Psychopharmacology and aggression. I: A meta-analysis of stimulant effects on overt/covert aggression-related behaviors in ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 2002. 41(3): p. 253-61. Mixed interventions 11
978 Donath, C., et al., The Effect of Exercise Therapy on Adolescent Mental Health: A Systematic Review with Practical Example. [German]. Zeitschrift fur Kinder und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie., 2023. No meta-analysis 11
1419 Guo, C., L. Assumpcao, and Z. Hu, Efficacy of Non-pharmacological Treatments on Emotional Symptoms of Children and Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Meta-Analysis. J Atten Disord, 2022. 26(4): p. 508-524. Mixed interventions 11
1731 Johnstone, J.M., et al., Multinutrients for the Treatment of Psychiatric Symptoms in Clinical Samples: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients, 2020. 12(11). Mixed interventions 11
1843 King, S., et al., A systematic review and economic model of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of methylphenidate, dexamfetamine and atomoxetine for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Health Technology Assessment, 2006. 10(23): p. iii+146. No meta-analysis 11
1919 Krisanaprakornkit, T., C. Ngamjarus, C. Witoonchart, and N. Piyavhatkul, Meditation therapies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2010. 2010(6): p. Cd006507. No meta-analysis 11
1974 Larsson, I., et al., Sleep interventions for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A systematic literature review. Sleep Med, 2023. 102: p. 64-75. No meta-analysis 11
2439 Montoya, A., et al., Prognostic factors of improvement in health-related quality of life in atomoxetine-treated children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, based on a pooled analysis. Atten Defic Hyperact Disord, 2014. 6(1): p. 25-34. No meta-analysis 11
2462 Moriyama, T.S., et al., Psychopharmacology and psychotherapy for the treatment of adults with ADHD-a systematic review of available meta-analyses. CNS Spectr, 2013. 18(6): p. 296-306. Mixed interventions 11
2464 Morris, S., et al., Interventions for Adolescents With ADHD to Improve Peer Social Functioning: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Atten Disord, 2021. 25(10): p. 1479-1496. Mixed interventions 11
2645 Osland, S.T., T.D. Steeves, and T. Pringsheim, Pharmacological treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children with comorbid tic disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2018. 6(6): p. Cd007990. No meta-analysis 11
2882 Purdie, N., J. Hattie, and A. Carroll, A review of the research on interventions for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: What works best? Review of Educational Research, 2002. 72(1): p. 61-99. Mixed interventions 11
3603 Türk, S., et al., Interventions for ADHD in childhood and adolescence: A systematic umbrella review and meta-meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev, 2023. 102: p. 102271. No meta-analysis 11
3741 Walker, D.J., O. Mason, D.B. Clemow, and K.A. Day, Atomoxetine treatment in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Postgraduate Medicine, 2015. 127(7): p. 686-701. No meta-analysis 11
3747 Walter, V., G.K. Mbizvo, and R.F.M. Chin, Stimulant and non-stimulant drug therapy for people with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and epilepsy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2018. 2018(9) (no pagination). No meta-analysis 11
3861 Wilens, T.E., et al., Long-term atomoxetine treatment in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Pediatr, 2006. 149(1): p. 112-9. No meta-analysis 11
568 Castells, X., et al., Relationship Between Treatment Duration and Efficacy of Pharmacological Treatment for ADHD: A Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression of 87 Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials. J Atten Disord, 2021. 25(10): p. 1352-1361. Mixed interventions 11
2156 López-Pinar, C., et al., Long-Term Efficacy of Psychosocial Treatments for Adults With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Meta-Analytic Review. Front Psychol, 2018. 9: p. 638. Mixed interventions 11
3714 Vitija, A., A. Amirthalingam, and A. Soltani, The impact of digital interventions on medication adherence in paediatric populations with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, depression, and/or anxiety: A rapid systematic review and meta-analysis. Res Social Adm Pharm, 2022. 18(12): p. 4017-4027. Mixed interventions 11
4064 Zuo, E., et al., Mind-Body Exercises (Yoga/Tai Chi) for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Quantitative Evidence of Experimental Studies. International Journal of Mental Health Promotion, 2020. 22(4): p. 221-231. Mixed interventions 11
637 Chen, Y.C., L.K. Wu, M.S. Lee, and Y.L. Kung, The Efficacy of Acupuncture Treatment for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Complement Med Res, 2021. 28(4): p. 357-367. Dichotomized outcome 6
725 Consoli, A., et al., Comorbidity with ADHD decreases response to pharmacotherapy in children and adolescents with acute mania: evidence from a metaanalysis. Can J Psychiatry, 2007. 52(5): p. 323-8. Dichotomized outcome 6
1028 Dutta, T., et al., Phytotherapy for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Front Pharmacol, 2022. 13: p. 827411. Dichotomized outcome 6
3895 Wong, K.P., J. Qin, Y.J. Xie, and B. Zhang, Effectiveness of Technology-Based Interventions for School-Age Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. JMIR Ment Health, 2023. 10: p. e51459. Head to head comparison 6
3930 Xv, P.R. and Z.M. Fang, A meta-analyses comparing atomoxetine with methylphenidate for treatement of children with attention- deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. [Chinese]. Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine, 2009. 9(3): p. 346-349. Head to head comparison 6
634 Chen, S.C., et al., Massage therapy for the treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Complement Ther Med, 2019. 42: p. 389-399. Head to head comparison 6
795 Coughlin, C.G., et al., Meta-Analysis: Reduced Risk of Anxiety with Psychostimulant Treatment in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol, 2015. 25(8): p. 611-7. Dichotomized outcome 6
818 Cunill, R., X. Castells, A. Tobias, and D. Capellà, Pharmacological treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with co-morbid drug dependence. J Psychopharmacol, 2015. 29(1): p. 15-23. Dichotomized outcome 6
2879 Punja, S., et al., Long-acting versus short-acting methylphenidate for paediatric ADHD: a systematic review and meta-analysis of comparative efficacy. BMJ Open, 2013. 3(3). Head to head comparison 6
2980 Rezaei, G., et al., Comparative efficacy of methylphenidate and atomoxetine in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Med J Islam Repub Iran, 2016. 30: p. 325. Head to head comparison 6
3682 Verbeeck, W., S. Tuinier, and G.E. Bekkering, Antidepressants in the treatment of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review. Adv Ther, 2009. 26(2): p. 170-84. Dichotomized outcome 6
3935 Yan, L., S. Wang, Y. Yuan, and J. Zhang, Effects of neurofeedback versus methylphenidate for the treatment of ADHD: systematic review and meta-analysis of head-to-head trials. Evid Based Ment Health, 2019. 22(3): p. 111-117. Head to head comparison 6
1317 Gillies, D., M.J. Leach, and G. Perez Algorta, Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2023. 4(4): p. Cd007986. Updated version available 5
3420 Storebø, O.J., et al., Methylphenidate for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: Cochrane systematic review with meta-analyses and trial sequential analyses of randomised clinical trials. Bmj, 2015. 351: p. h5203. Updated version available 5
3423 Storebø, O.J., et al., Methylphenidate for children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2015. 2015(11): p. Cd009885. Updated version available 5
570 Castells, X., et al., Amphetamines for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2011(6): p. Cd007813. Updated version available 5
3424 Storebø, O.J., et al., Social skills training for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children aged 5 to 18 years. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2011(12): p. Cd008223. Updated version available 5
595 Chan, E.S.M., et al., Are Reading Interventions Effective for At-Risk Readers with ADHD? A Meta-Analysis. J Atten Disord, 2023. 27(2): p. 182-200. Mixed designs 4
1493 He, F., et al., Meta-analysis of the efficacy of digital therapies in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Front Psychiatry, 2023. 14: p. 1054831. Mixed designs 4
3858 Wilens, T.E., S.V. Faraone, J. Biederman, and S. Gunawardene, Does stimulant therapy of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder beget later substance abuse? A meta-analytic review of the literature. Pediatrics, 2003. 111(1): p. 179-85. Mixed designs 4
9009 Feng L, Li B, Yong SS, Tian Z. Effects of Exercise Intervention on Physical and Mental Health of Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Based on ICF-CY. Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise. 2024/08/08 2024;doi:10.1007/s42978-024-00295-8 Mixed designs 4
1133 Farhat, L.C., et al., Treatment Outcomes With Licensed and Unlicensed Stimulant Doses for Adults With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JAMA Psychiatry, 2023. Dosage meta-analysis 3
1134 Farhat, L.C., et al., The effects of stimulant dose and dosing strategy on treatment outcomes in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry, 2022. 27(3): p. 1562-1572. Dosage meta-analysis 3
1990 Lee, J.H., H.G. Jo, and S.Y. Min, East asian herbal medicine for the treatment of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Explore (NY), 2023. 19(3): p. 330-355. Highly probable data analysis error 3
3530 Terao, I., W. Kodama, and H. Tsuda, The Dose-Response Relationship of Atomoxetine for the Treatment of Children With ADHD: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trials. J Atten Disord, 2023: p. 10870547231214988. Dosage meta-analysis 3
9006 Elliott SD, Vickers ML, McKeon G, Eriksson L, Malacova E, Scott JG. Iron Supplementation in Management of Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Qualitative Synthesis. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2024;36(3):178-186. doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.20230081 Highly probable data analysis error 3
2388 Mihandoost, Z., Treatment Programs for Students With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Meta-Analysis Study. Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci, 2015. 9(3): p. e1840. Highly probable data analysis error 3
1837 Kim, J.H., S. Park, and Y.J. Lee, Systematic Review of Suicidal Behaviors Related to Methylphenidate and Atomoxetine in Patients With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Soa Chongsonyon Chongsin Uihak, 2023. 34(2): p. 125-132. Only one RCT identified 2
2178 Lundahl, A., K.M. Kidwell, T.R. Van Dyk, and T.D. Nelson, A Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Experimental Sleep Restriction on Youth’s Attention and Hyperactivity. Dev Neuropsychol, 2015. 40(3): p. 104-21. Only one RCT identified 2
1114 Faraone, S.V., J. Biederman, T.J. Spencer, and M. Aleardi, Comparing the efficacy of medications for ADHD using meta-analysis. MedGenMed, 2006. 8(4): p. 4. Combined outcomes 1
1518 Hennissen, L., et al., Cardiovascular Effects of Stimulant and Non-Stimulant Medication for Children and Adolescents with ADHD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Trials of Methylphenidate, Amphetamines and Atomoxetine. CNS Drugs, 2017. 31(3): p. 199-215. Pre-post within-group design 1
3495 Tan, B.W., J.A. Pooley, and C.P. Speelman, A Meta-Analytic Review of the Efficacy of Physical Exercise Interventions on Cognition in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder and ADHD. J Autism Dev Disord, 2016. 46(9): p. 3126-43. Unclear methodological decisions 1
3455 Sun, C.K., et al., Therapeutic effects of methylphenidate for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children with borderline intellectual functioning or intellectual disability: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep, 2019. 9(1): p. 15908. Unclear population 1
3761 Wang, F., et al., The efficacy and safety in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder of second-generation antipsychotics and other medications for hyperactivity in children and adolescents with autism: a meta-analysis. Int Clin Psychopharmacol, 2021. 36(3): p. 109-116. Wrong population 1 
## # A tibble: 7 × 2
##   reason                              Freq
##   <chr>                              <int>
## 1 No systematic review                  12
## 2 No ADHD subgroup                      14
## 3 Nonreplicable                         15
## 4 Wrong design/outcome                  26
## 5 Abstract/Poster/Book/PhD/Editorial    39
## 6 Other                                 56
## 7 Unclear ADHD diagnosis               137
Reason Description
Abstract/Poster/Book/PhD/Editorial The meta-analysis was published in a non-peer-reviewed source (e.g., abstract, poster, book chapter, dissertation, editorial), preventing replication or verification of the data analysis.
Combined outcomes The meta-analysis pooled effect sizes across conceptually distinct outcomes that we analyzed separately (e.g., “mental health” combining anxiety, depression, and quality of life).
Dichotomized outcome The meta-analysis reported dichotomized outcomes (e.g., response: yes/no instead of continuous measures of ADHD symptoms).
Dosage meta-analysis The meta-analysis was a dose-response analysis and did not report pooled effect sizes for the overall efficacy of the intervention.
Head to head comparison The meta-analysis compared different intervention types rather than evaluating a single intervention against a control.
Highly probable data analysis error The meta-analysis contained clear evidence or strong suspicion of a data analysis error (e.g., miscalculated effect sizes).
Mixed designs The meta-analysis combined studies with different designs (e.g., RCTs and non-RCTs), which we considered separately.
Mixed interventions The meta-analysis pooled effect sizes from different intervention types, preventing specific evaluation of a single approach.
No ADHD subgroup The meta-analysis included mixed populations, with fewer than two RCTs conducted in ADHD or insufficient data to isolate ADHD-specific results.
No meta-analysis The meta-analysis did not perform a quantitative synthesis of the extracted data.
No systematic review The meta-analysis lacked a systematic search strategy and was therefore classified as a narrative review.
Nonreplicable The meta-analysis did not provide sufficient information to reproduce the analyses, limiting assessment of accuracy and reliability.
Only one RCT identified The meta-analysis included only one RCT in an ADHD population, which did not meet our minimum requirement of two RCTs.
Pre-post within-group design The meta-analysis calculated effect sizes from pre-post comparisons within the intervention group only, without a control group.
Unclear ADHD diagnosis The meta-analysis did not report ADHD diagnoses according to DSM/ICD standards or failed to specify the diagnostic process.
Unclear methodological decisions The meta-analysis did not sufficiently describe key methodological decisions (e.g., transformation of effect sizes without justification).
Unclear population The meta-analysis did not adequately describe the population characteristics to determine eligibility.
Updated version available The meta-analysis had a more recent version available, which was used instead.
Wrong design/outcome The meta-analysis included ineligible study designs (e.g., non-RCTs) or outcomes not predefined in our protocol (e.g., cognitive test performance).
Wrong population The meta-analysis did not include RCTs conducted in an ADHD population.

S10. Methodological quality

AMSTAR

## # A tibble: 4 × 3
##   amstar_rank        n  perc
##   <chr>          <int> <dbl>
## 1 Critically low    18    37
## 2 High              19    39
## 3 Low                7    14
## 4 Moderate           5    10
## # A tibble: 4 × 3
##   amstar_rank        n  perc
##   <chr>          <int> <dbl>
## 1 Critically low    44    20
## 2 High             131    59
## 3 Low               31    14
## 4 Moderate          15     7

GRADE downgrades (%)

res_down = res_m %>%
    select(starts_with("down_") & !matches(c("down_hetA", "down_hetB")), Intervention, Outcome, Factor)
                                                                                
df_long <- res_down %>%
  pivot_longer(
    cols = starts_with("down_"),
    names_to = "Reason",
    values_to = "Score"
  )



summary_per_intervention_prop <- res_down %>%
  group_by(Intervention) %>%
  summarise(
    Risk_of_bias    = sum(down_rob, na.rm = TRUE),
    Heterogeneity   = sum(down_het, na.rm = TRUE),
    Publication_bias= sum(down_pubbias, na.rm = TRUE),
    Imprecision     = sum(down_imp, na.rm = TRUE),
    Indirectness    = sum(down_ind, na.rm = TRUE)
  ) %>%
  rowwise() %>%
  mutate(
    Total = sum(c_across(Risk_of_bias:Imprecision)),
    Risk_of_bias    = Risk_of_bias / Total,
    Heterogeneity   = Heterogeneity / Total,
    Publication_bias= Publication_bias / Total,
    Imprecision     = Imprecision / Total,
    Indirectness    = Indirectness / Total
  ) %>%
  select(-Total) %>%
  ungroup()

summary_per_intervention_prop
## # A tibble: 32 × 6
##    Intervention          Risk_of_bias Heterogeneity Publication_bias Imprecision
##    <chr>                        <dbl>         <dbl>            <dbl>       <dbl>
##  1 Acupuncture                 0              0.6             0            0.4  
##  2 Alpha-2 agonists (gu…       0.133          0.533           0.2          0.133
##  3 Amphetamines                0.0909         0.409           0.159        0.341
##  4 Atomoxetine                 0.1            0.5             0.133        0.267
##  5 Bupropion                   0.154          0.192           0.0769       0.577
##  6 Carnitine                   0.333          0               0.333        0.333
##  7 Centafanadine               0              0.5             0.25         0.25 
##  8 Cognitive Behavioral…       0.0645         0.323           0.0968       0.516
##  9 Cognitive training          0.444          0.111           0.0556       0.389
## 10 Dasotraline                 0              0.609           0.0870       0.304
## # ℹ 22 more rows
## # ℹ 1 more variable: Indirectness <dbl>
summary_per_group_prop <- res_m %>%
  select(starts_with("down_") & !matches(c("down_hetA", "down_hetB")),
         Group, Outcome, Factor) %>%
  group_by(Group) %>%
  summarise(
    Risk_of_bias     = sum(down_rob, na.rm = TRUE),
    Heterogeneity    = sum(down_het, na.rm = TRUE),
    Publication_bias = sum(down_pubbias, na.rm = TRUE),
    Indirectness     = sum(down_ind, na.rm = TRUE),
    Imprecision      = sum(down_imp, na.rm = TRUE),
    .groups = "drop"
  ) %>%
  rowwise() %>%
  mutate(
    Total = sum(c_across(Risk_of_bias:Imprecision)),
    Risk_of_bias     = Risk_of_bias / Total,
    Heterogeneity    = Heterogeneity / Total,
    Publication_bias = Publication_bias / Total,
    Indirectness     = Indirectness / Total,
    Imprecision      = Imprecision / Total
  ) %>%
  select(-Total) %>%
  ungroup()

summary_per_group_prop
## # A tibble: 3 × 6
##   Group     Risk_of_bias Heterogeneity Publication_bias Indirectness Imprecision
##   <chr>            <dbl>         <dbl>            <dbl>        <dbl>       <dbl>
## 1 Compleme…        0.326         0.166           0.0994      0.00552       0.403
## 2 Pharmaco…        0.104         0.390           0.147       0             0.359
## 3 Psychoso…        0.307         0.227           0.0682      0.0114        0.386
res_m %>%
  select(Factor, amstar_rank, GRADE) %>%
  arrange(GRADE) %>%
  kbl() %>%
    kable_styling(bootstrap_options = c("striped", "hover", "condensed", "responsive"), position = "left") %>%
    scroll_box(width = "100%", height = "500px")
Factor amstar_rank GRADE
Cortese - Children (2018)_Alpha-2 agonists (guanfacine / clonidine)_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Clinician-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High High
Cortese - Children (2018)_Atomoxetine_Acceptability: all-cause discontinuation_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High High
Cortese - Children (2018)_Atomoxetine_Tolerability (discontinuation due to adverse events)_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High High
Cortese - Children (2018)_Methylphenidate_Acceptability: all-cause discontinuation_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High High
Cortese - Children (2018)_Methylphenidate_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Clinician-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High High
Cortese - Children (2018)_Methylphenidate_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Parent-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High High
Cortese - Children (2018)_Methylphenidate_Tolerability (discontinuation due to adverse events)_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High High
Lenzi (2018)_Atomoxetine_Emotional dysregulation_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Critically low High
Ostinelli (2025)_Amphetamine_Tolerability (discontinuation due to adverse events)_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High High
Ostinelli (2025)_Atomoxetine_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Self-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High High
Ostinelli (2025)_Atomoxetine_Tolerability (discontinuation due to adverse events)_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High High
Ostinelli (2025)_Methylphenidate_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Self-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High High
Ostinelli (2025)_Methylphenidate_Tolerability (discontinuation due to adverse events)_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High High
Ang (2023)_Acupuncture_Generalized anxiety_Parent-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Critically low Low
Bellatto - children (2024)_Atomoxetine_Quality of life (patients)_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Low
Bryant (2021)_Atomoxetine_Generalized anxiety_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Critically low Low
Catala-Lopez (2017)_Parent-mediated behavioral interventions_Acceptability: all-cause discontinuation_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Low Low
Cortese - Children (2018)_Alpha-2 agonists (guanfacine / clonidine)_Acceptability: all-cause discontinuation_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Low
Cortese - Children (2018)_Modafinil_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Clinician-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Low
Cortese - Children (2018)_Modafinil_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Parent-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Low
Cortese - Children (2018)_Modafinil_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Teacher-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Low
Fahrat (2024)_Alpha-2 agonists (guanfacine / clonidine)_Tics/Tourette disorder symptoms_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Low
Farhat (2024)_Methylphenidate_Tics/Tourette disorder symptoms_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Low
Groenman (2022)_Parent-mediated behavioral interventions_Conduct Disorder symptoms_Parent-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Critically low Low
Liang (2024)_Probiotics_Acceptability: all-cause discontinuation_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Moderate Low
Liang (2024)_Probiotics_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Moderate Low
Ostinelli (2025)_Amphetamine_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Clinician-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Low
Ostinelli (2025)_Amphetamine_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Self-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Low
Ostinelli (2025)_Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)_Acceptability: all-cause discontinuation_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Low
Ostinelli (2025)_Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Self-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Low
Ostinelli (2025)_Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT)_Acceptability: all-cause discontinuation_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Low
Ostinelli (2025)_Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT)_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Self-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Low
Punja (2016)_Amphetamine_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Parent-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Low
Storebo (2023)_Methylphenidate_Quality of life (patients)_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Low
Verbeeck (2017)_Bupropion_Depressive disorder symptoms_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Low
Verbeeck (2017)_Bupropion_Generalized anxiety_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Low
Westwood - Children (2024)_Cognitive training_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Teacher-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Low
Westwood - Children (2024)_Cognitive training_Executive functioning (tests)_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Low
Yin - adults (2024)_tDCS (transcranial direct current stimulation)_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Critically low Low
Yin - children (2024)_tDCS (transcranial direct current stimulation)_Executive functioning (tests)_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Critically low Low
Yu (2024)_Viloxazine_Acceptability: all-cause discontinuation_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Low Low
Cortese - Children (2018)_Amphetamine_Acceptability: all-cause discontinuation_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Moderate
Cortese - Children (2018)_Amphetamine_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Clinician-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Moderate
Cortese - Children (2018)_Amphetamine_Tolerability (discontinuation due to adverse events)_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Moderate
Cortese - Children (2018)_Atomoxetine_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Clinician-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Moderate
Cortese - Children (2018)_Methylphenidate_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Teacher-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Moderate
Cortese - Children (2018)_Modafinil_Tolerability (discontinuation due to adverse events)_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Moderate
Gillies (2023)_Polyunsaturated fatty acids_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Parent-rated_At follow-up (closest to 26 weeks) High Moderate
Ostinelli (2025)_Amphetamine_Acceptability: all-cause discontinuation_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Moderate
Ostinelli (2025)_Atomoxetine_Acceptability: all-cause discontinuation_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Moderate
Ostinelli (2025)_Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Clinician-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Moderate
Ostinelli (2025)_Methylphenidate_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Clinician-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Moderate
Pievsky (2018)_Methylphenidate_Executive functioning (tests)_Clinician-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Critically low Moderate
Punja (2016)_Amphetamine_Academic/job performance_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Moderate
Punja (2016)_Amphetamine_Specific adverse events: decreased appetite_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Moderate
Punja (2016)_Amphetamine_Specific adverse events: sleep problems_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Moderate
Storebo (2023)_Methylphenidate_Suicidal ideation/behavior_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Moderate
Yu (2024)_Viloxazine_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Low Moderate
Yu (2024)_Viloxazine_Specific adverse events: sleep problems_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Low Moderate
Ang (2023)_Acupuncture_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Parent-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Critically low Very low
Ang (2023)_Acupuncture_Conduct Disorder symptoms_Parent-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Critically low Very low
Ang (2023)_Acupuncture_Learning disorder symptoms_Parent-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Critically low Very low
Bellato - adults (2024)_Amphetamine_Quality of life (patients)_Self-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Very low
Bellatto - children (2024)_Amphetamine_Quality of life (patients)_Self-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Very low
Bikic (2017)_Organizational skills interventions_Academic/job performance_Teacher-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Critically low Very low
Boesen (2022)_Methylphenidate_Specific adverse events: decreased appetite_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Very low
Boesen (2022)_Methylphenidate_Specific adverse events: sleep problems_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Very low
Bryant (2021)_Atomoxetine_Depressive disorder symptoms_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Critically low Very low
Bryant (2021)_Methylphenidate_Generalized anxiety_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Critically low Very low
Candido (2021)_Methylphenidate_CGI_Clinician-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Very low
Castells (2018)_Amphetamine_CGI_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Very low
Castells (2018)_Amphetamine_Depressive disorder symptoms_Clinician-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Very low
Castells (2018)_Amphetamine_Generalized anxiety_Clinician-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Very low
Catala-Lopez (2017)_Bupropion_Acceptability: all-cause discontinuation_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Low Very low
Catala-Lopez (2017)_Bupropion_Tolerability (discontinuation due to adverse events)_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Low Very low
Catala-Lopez (2017)_Carnitine_Acceptability: all-cause discontinuation_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Low Very low
Catala-Lopez (2017)_Cognitive training_Acceptability: all-cause discontinuation_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Low Very low
Catala-Lopez (2017)_Desipramine_Acceptability: all-cause discontinuation_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Low Very low
Catala-Lopez (2017)_Desipramine_Tolerability (discontinuation due to adverse events)_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Low Very low
Catala-Lopez (2017)_Diet (restricted/elimination)_Acceptability: all-cause discontinuation_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Low Very low
Catala-Lopez (2017)_Diet (restricted/elimination)_Tolerability (discontinuation due to adverse events)_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Low Very low
Catala-Lopez (2017)_Homeopathy_Acceptability: all-cause discontinuation_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Low Very low
Catala-Lopez (2017)_Methylphenidate + Alpha-2 agonists (guanfacine / clonidine)_Acceptability: all-cause discontinuation_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Low Very low
Catala-Lopez (2017)_Methylphenidate + Alpha-2 agonists (guanfacine / clonidine)_Tolerability (discontinuation due to adverse events)_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Low Very low
Catala-Lopez (2017)_Multimodal behavioral interventions_Acceptability: all-cause discontinuation_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Low Very low
Catala-Lopez (2017)_Neurofeedback_Acceptability: all-cause discontinuation_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Low Very low
Catala-Lopez (2017)_Polyunsaturated fatty acids_Tolerability (discontinuation due to adverse events)_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Low Very low
Catala-Lopez (2017)_Risperidone_Acceptability: all-cause discontinuation_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Low Very low
Catala-Lopez (2017)_Zinc_Acceptability: all-cause discontinuation_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Low Very low
Catala-Lopez (2017)_Zinc_Tolerability (discontinuation due to adverse events)_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Low Very low
Chiu (2022)_Methylphenidate_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Parent-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Very low
Chiu (2022)_Methylphenidate_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Teacher-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Very low
Cortese - Adults (2018)_Bupropion_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Clinician-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Very low
Cortese - Children (2018)_Alpha-2 agonists (guanfacine / clonidine)_Tolerability (discontinuation due to adverse events)_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Very low
Cortese - Children (2018)_Atomoxetine_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Parent-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Very low
Cortese - Children (2018)_Atomoxetine_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Teacher-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Very low
Cortese - Children (2018)_Modafinil_Acceptability: all-cause discontinuation_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Very low
Ding (2018)_Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Critically low Very low
Doffer - Preschool (2023)_Parent-mediated behavioral interventions_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Parent-rated_At follow-up (closest to 26 weeks) Critically low Very low
Doffer (2023)_Parent-mediated behavioral interventions_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Parent-rated_Closest to 52 weeks Critically low Very low
Doffer (2023)_Parent-mediated behavioral interventions_Oppositional Defiant Disorder symptoms_Parent-rated_At follow-up (closest to 26 weeks) Critically low Very low
Elliott (2020)_Amphetamine_Executive functioning (report)_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Critically low Very low
Elliott (2020)_Atomoxetine_Executive functioning (report)_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Critically low Very low
Elliott (2020)_Methylphenidate_Executive functioning (report)_Self-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Critically low Very low
Faraone (2002)_Amphetamine_Disruptive behaviors_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Critically low Very low
Gan (2019)_Vitamin D_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Low Very low
Gan (2019)_Vitamin D_Oppositional Defiant Disorder symptoms_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Low Very low
Gillies (2023)_Polyunsaturated fatty acids_Acceptability: all-cause discontinuation_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Very low
Gillies (2023)_Polyunsaturated fatty acids_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Parent-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Very low
Gillies (2023)_Polyunsaturated fatty acids_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Teacher-rated_At follow-up (closest to 26 weeks) High Very low
Gillies (2023)_Polyunsaturated fatty acids_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Teacher-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Very low
Gillies (2023)_Polyunsaturated fatty acids_Conduct Disorder symptoms_Mixed_At follow-up (closest to 26 weeks) High Very low
Gillies (2023)_Polyunsaturated fatty acids_Oppositional Defiant Disorder symptoms_Mixed_At follow-up (closest to 26 weeks) High Very low
Gillies (2023)_Polyunsaturated fatty acids_Social-communication skills_Mixed_At follow-up (closest to 26 weeks) High Very low
Gillies (2023)_Polyunsaturated fatty acids_Specific adverse events: sleep problems_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Very low
Groenman - Preschool (2022)_Parent-mediated behavioral interventions_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Parent-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Critically low Very low
Groenman - Preschool (2022)_Parent-mediated behavioral interventions_Conduct Disorder symptoms_Parent-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Critically low Very low
Groenman - Preschool (2022)_Parent-mediated behavioral interventions_Oppositional Defiant Disorder symptoms_Parent-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Critically low Very low
Groenman (2022)_Parent-mediated behavioral interventions_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Parent-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Critically low Very low
Groenman (2022)_Parent-mediated behavioral interventions_Oppositional Defiant Disorder symptoms_Parent-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Critically low Very low
Handel (2021)_Polyunsaturated fatty acids_Quality of life (patients)_Mixed_At follow-up (closest to 26 weeks) Moderate Very low
Heirs (2007)_Homeopathy_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Parent-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Very low
Heirs (2007)_Homeopathy_Conduct Disorder symptoms/Oppositional Defiant Disorder symptoms_Parent-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Very low
Huang (2022)_Physical training_Executive functioning (tests)_Clinician-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Low Very low
Lenzi (2018)_Amphetamine_Emotional dysregulation_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Critically low Very low
Liu (2022)_Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)_CGI_Clinician-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Low Very low
Liu (2023)_Mindfulness_Depressive disorder symptoms_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Low Very low
Liu (2023)_Mindfulness_Quality of life (patients)_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Low Very low
Lopez-Pinar (2019)_Mindfulness_Generalized anxiety_Self-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Critically low Very low
Lopez (2018)_Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)_Depressive disorder symptoms_Self-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Very low
Lopez (2018)_Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)_Generalized anxiety_Self-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Very low
Maiti - Adults (2024)_Dasotraline_CGI_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Critically low Very low
Maiti - Adults (2024)_Dasotraline_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Critically low Very low
Maiti - Adults (2024)_Dasotraline_Specific adverse events: decreased appetite_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Critically low Very low
Maiti - Adults (2024)_Dasotraline_Specific adverse events: sleep problems_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Critically low Very low
Maiti - Children (2024)_Dasotraline_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Critically low Very low
Maiti - Children (2024)_Dasotraline_Specific adverse events: decreased appetite_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Critically low Very low
Maiti - Children (2024)_Dasotraline_Specific adverse events: sleep problems_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Critically low Very low
Maji (2024.0)_Centafanadine_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Critically low Very low
Ostinelli (2025)_Atomoxetine_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Clinician-rated_At follow-up (closest to 26 weeks) High Very low
Ostinelli (2025)_Atomoxetine_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Clinician-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Very low
Ostinelli (2025)_Atomoxetine_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Self-rated_At follow-up (closest to 26 weeks) High Very low
Ostinelli (2025)_Atomoxetine_Quality of life (patients)_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Very low
Ostinelli (2025)_Bupropion_Acceptability: all-cause discontinuation_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Very low
Ostinelli (2025)_Bupropion_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Self-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Very low
Ostinelli (2025)_Bupropion_Tolerability (discontinuation due to adverse events)_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Very low
Ostinelli (2025)_Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Clinician-rated_At follow-up (closest to 26 weeks) High Very low
Ostinelli (2025)_Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Self-rated_At follow-up (closest to 26 weeks) High Very low
Ostinelli (2025)_Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Self-rated_At follow-up (closest to 52 weeks) High Very low
Ostinelli (2025)_Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)_Quality of life (patients)_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Very low
Ostinelli (2025)_Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)_Tolerability (discontinuation due to adverse events)_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Very low
Ostinelli (2025)_Cognitive training_Acceptability: all-cause discontinuation_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Very low
Ostinelli (2025)_Cognitive training_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Self-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Very low
Ostinelli (2025)_Cognitive training_Quality of life (patients)_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Very low
Ostinelli (2025)_Methylphenidate_Acceptability: all-cause discontinuation_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Very low
Ostinelli (2025)_Methylphenidate_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Clinician-rated_At follow-up (closest to 26 weeks) High Very low
Ostinelli (2025)_Methylphenidate_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Self-rated_At follow-up (closest to 26 weeks) High Very low
Ostinelli (2025)_Methylphenidate_Emotional dysregulation_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Very low
Ostinelli (2025)_Methylphenidate_Executive functioning (tests)_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Very low
Ostinelli (2025)_Methylphenidate_Quality of life (patients)_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Very low
Ostinelli (2025)_Mindfulness_Acceptability: all-cause discontinuation_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Very low
Ostinelli (2025)_Mindfulness_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Clinician-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Very low
Ostinelli (2025)_Mindfulness_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Self-rated_At follow-up (closest to 26 weeks) High Very low
Ostinelli (2025)_Mindfulness_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Self-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Very low
Ostinelli (2025)_Mindfulness_Emotional dysregulation_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Very low
Ostinelli (2025)_Mindfulness_Executive functioning (tests)_Mixed_At follow-up (closest to 26 weeks) High Very low
Ostinelli (2025)_Mindfulness_Executive functioning (tests)_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Very low
Ostinelli (2025)_Modafinil_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Self-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Very low
Ostinelli (2025)_tDCS (transcranial direct current stimulation)_Acceptability: all-cause discontinuation_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Very low
Ostinelli (2025)_tDCS (transcranial direct current stimulation)_Tolerability (discontinuation due to adverse events)_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Very low
Ostinelli (2025)_TMS ([repetitive] transcranial magnetic stimulation)_Acceptability: all-cause discontinuation_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Very low
Ostinelli (2025)_TMS ([repetitive] transcranial magnetic stimulation)_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Self-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Very low
Ostinelli (2025)_TMS ([repetitive] transcranial magnetic stimulation)_Tolerability (discontinuation due to adverse events)_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Very low
Otasowie (2014)_Desipramine_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Parent-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Very low
Otasowie (2014)_Desipramine_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Teacher-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Very low
Pievsky (2018)_Methylphenidate_Driving_Clinician-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Critically low Very low
Punja (2016)_Amphetamine_CGI_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Very low
Punja (2016)_Amphetamine_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Teacher-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Very low
Radonjic (2023)_Alpha-2 agonists (guanfacine / clonidine)_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Critically low Very low
Ruggiero (2014)_Alpha-2 agonists (guanfacine / clonidine)_Specific adverse events: sleep problems_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Critically low Very low
Seiffer (2022)_Physical training_Acceptability: all-cause discontinuation_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Very low
Seiffer (2022)_Physical training_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Very low
Seiffer (2022)_Physical training_Social-communication skills_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Very low
Sonuga-Barke (2014)_Diet (restricted/elimination)_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Moderate Very low
Storebo (2019)_Social skill training_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Teacher-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Very low
Storebo (2019)_Social skill training_Social-communication skills_Mixed_At follow-up (closest to 26 weeks) High Very low
Storebo (2019)_Social skill training_Social-communication skills_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Very low
Storebo (2023)_Methylphenidate_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Parent-rated_At follow-up (closest to 26 weeks) High Very low
Storebo (2023)_Methylphenidate_Specific adverse events: decreased appetite_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Very low
Storebo (2023)_Methylphenidate_Specific adverse events: sleep problems_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Very low
Stuhec (2015)_Bupropion_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Critically low Very low
Sugaya (2023)_Methylphenidate_Acceptability: all-cause discontinuation_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Low Very low
Talebi (2021)_Zinc_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Low Very low
Westwood - Adults (2024)_Cognitive training_Executive functioning (tests)_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Very low
Westwood - Adults (2025)_Neurofeedback_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Self-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Moderate Very low
Westwood - Adults (2025)_Neurofeedback_Executive functioning (tests)_Self-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Moderate Very low
Westwood - Children (2024)_Cognitive training_Academic/job performance_NA_At follow-up (closest to 26 weeks) High Very low
Westwood - Children (2024)_Cognitive training_Academic/job performance_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Very low
Westwood - Children (2024)_Cognitive training_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Clinician-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Very low
Westwood - Children (2024)_Cognitive training_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Parent-rated_At follow-up (closest to 26 weeks) High Very low
Westwood - Children (2024)_Cognitive training_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Parent-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Very low
Westwood - Children (2024)_Cognitive training_Executive functioning (report)_NA_At follow-up (closest to 26 weeks) High Very low
Westwood - Children (2024)_Cognitive training_Executive functioning (report)_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Very low
Westwood - Children (2024)_Cognitive training_Executive functioning (report)_Parent-rated_At follow-up (closest to 26 weeks) High Very low
Westwood - Children (2024)_Cognitive training_Executive functioning (report)_Parent-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) High Very low
Westwood - Children (2024)_Cognitive training_Executive functioning (tests)_NA_At follow-up (closest to 26 weeks) High Very low
Westwood - Children (2025)_Neurofeedback_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Clinician-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Moderate Very low
Westwood - Children (2025)_Neurofeedback_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Parent-rated_At follow-up (closest to 26 weeks) Moderate Very low
Westwood - Children (2025)_Neurofeedback_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Parent-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Moderate Very low
Westwood - Children (2025)_Neurofeedback_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Parent-rated_Closest to 52 weeks Moderate Very low
Westwood - Children (2025)_Neurofeedback_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Teacher-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Moderate Very low
Westwood - Children (2025)_Neurofeedback_Executive functioning (report)_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Moderate Very low
Westwood - Children (2025)_Neurofeedback_Executive functioning (report)_Parent-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Moderate Very low
Westwood - Children (2025)_Neurofeedback_Executive functioning (tests)_NA_At follow-up (closest to 26 weeks) Moderate Very low
Westwood - Children (2025)_Neurofeedback_Executive functioning (tests)_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Moderate Very low
Yin - adults (2024)_tDCS (transcranial direct current stimulation)_Executive functioning (tests)_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Critically low Very low
Yin - children (2024)_tDCS (transcranial direct current stimulation)_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Critically low Very low
Yu (2024)_Viloxazine_Specific adverse events: decreased appetite_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Low Very low
Yu (2024)_Viloxazine_Tolerability (discontinuation due to adverse events)_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Low Very low
Zhang (2023)_Mindfulness_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Critically low Very low
Zhang (2023)_Mindfulness_Executive functioning (mixed)_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Critically low Very low

Corrected covered area

filtered_matrix = readxl::read_excel("supplementary/datasets/matrix_cca.xlsx") %>% as.matrix()
# rownames(filtered_matrix) <- colnames(filtered_matrix)
pheatmap::pheatmap(
  filtered_matrix,
  display_numbers = TRUE,       
  number_format = "%.1f",       
  fontsize_number = 10,         
  cluster_rows = FALSE,         
  cluster_cols = FALSE,
  main = "Percentage overlap of trials between interventions"
)

# PMI + BEHAV = Pfiffner_2014 (3 arms study)
# COGT + CBT = Virta_2010 (3 arms study)
# NF + CT = Hassingler (3 arms study)
# NF + CT = Steiner 2014 (3 arms study)
# PUFA + Zinc = Salehi 2016 (3 arms study)
# 
# MIND + PMI = Valero 2022 (removed PMI)
# MIND + CBT = GU 2017 + Hepark 2015 (removed CBT)
# 
# OSI + PMI = Abikoff 2013 (3 arms study)
# OSI + PMI = Sibley 2013 (removed PMI)
# PHYS + SST = Choi (2 different studies)
df_cca = readxl::read_excel("supplementary/datasets/dataset_cca.xlsx")


df_cca %>%
  arrange(percent_of_A1_in_A2) %>%
  kbl() %>%
    kable_styling(bootstrap_options = c("striped", "hover", "condensed", "responsive"), position = "left") %>%
    scroll_box(width = "100%", height = "500px")
Acronym_1 Acronym_2 num_shared_trials Acronym_1_total_trials Acronym_2_total_trials percent_of_A1_in_A2 percent_of_A2_in_A1 shared_trial_IDs
MPH PUFA 1 141 28 0.7 3.6 Barragan_2017
MPH DBT 1 141 3 0.7 33.3 Philipsen_2015
MPH MPH_A2AGO 2 141 2 1.4 100.0 Palumbo_2008, TSSG_2002
AMPH DASOT 1 43 5 2.3 20.0 Adler_2021
AMPH MODAF 1 43 8 2.3 12.5 Taylor_2000
PMI BEHAV 1 33 5 3.0 20.0 Pfiffner_2014
AMPH ATMX 2 43 44 4.7 4.5 Adler_2008, Kay_2009
A2AGO AMPH 1 20 43 5.0 2.3 Taylor_2001
CBT COGT 1 19 28 5.3 3.6 Virta_2010
OSI PMI 1 11 33 9.1 3.0 Sibley_2016
ATMX MPH 4 44 141 9.1 2.8 Adler_2009, Newcorn_2008, Spencer_2002, Weisler_2012
A2AGO MPH_A2AGO 2 20 2 10.0 100.0 Palumbo_2008, TSSG_2002
BUPR MPH 1 10 141 10.0 0.7 Kuperman_2001
COGT NF 3 28 36 10.7 8.3 Hasslinger_2021, Hasslinger_2022, Steiner_2014
AMPH MPH 5 43 141 11.6 3.5 Coghill_2013, Manos_1999, NCT01552902_NA, Plizka_2000, Ramtvedt_2013
A2AGO MPH 3 20 141 15.0 2.1 Kurlan_2002, Palumbo_2008, TSSG_2002
ZINC PUFA 1 6 28 16.7 3.6 Salehi_2016
DESI ATMX 1 4 44 25.0 2.3 Spencer_2002
DESI MPH 1 4 141 25.0 0.7 Spencer_2002

S11. Primary outcomes

General overview

At study endpoint

## Warning: Removed 1 row containing missing values or values outside the scale range
## (`geom_point()`).

## Warning: Removed 1 row containing missing values or values outside the scale range
## (`geom_point()`).

Specific focus

ADHD-Moderate/High evidence

Safety-Moderate/High evidence

Large efficacy

meta_review paper Intervention Age Outcome followup_rank Raters Class measure value CI_95 CI_lower CI_upper p_value PI_95 n_studies total_n egger_p ESB_p indirectness report rob es ci_lo ci_up Factor
93 Ang (2023) Acupuncture Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Generalized anxiety Endpoint (~12wk) Parent-rated Low G 0.039 [-0.258, 0.336] -0.258 0.336 7.97e-01 [-1.888, 1.966] 2 171 NaN 6.10e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.0390000 -0.2580000 0.3360000 Ang (2023)_Acupuncture_Generalized anxiety_Parent-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
93 Ang (2023) Acupuncture Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Learning disorder symptoms Endpoint (~12wk) Parent-rated Very low G 0.625 [0.321, 0.93] 0.321 0.930 5.72e-05 [-1.349, 2.6] 2 171 NaN 1.91e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.6250000 0.3210000 0.9300000 Ang (2023)_Acupuncture_Learning disorder symptoms_Parent-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
93 Ang (2023) Acupuncture Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Conduct disorder symptoms (CD) Endpoint (~12wk) Parent-rated Very low G 0.662 [0.356, 0.968] 0.356 0.968 2.17e-05 [-1.319, 2.643] 2 171 NaN 2.69e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.6620000 0.3560000 0.9680000 Ang (2023)_Acupuncture_Conduct Disorder symptoms_Parent-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
93 Ang (2023) Acupuncture Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Parent-rated] Endpoint (~12wk) Parent-rated Very low G 0.793 [0.484, 1.101] 0.484 1.101 4.96e-07 [-1.21, 2.795] 2 171 NaN 3.67e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.7930000 0.4840000 1.1010000 Ang (2023)_Acupuncture_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Parent-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
757 Cortese - Children (2018) Alpha-2 agonists (guanfacine / clonidine) Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Clinician-rated] Endpoint (~12wk) Clinician-rated High G 0.635 [0.479, 0.79] 0.479 0.790 1.19e-15 [0.26, 1.01] 8 1497 3.62e-01 2.31e-01 no 100.00000 86.860346 0.6350000 0.4790000 0.7900000 Cortese - Children (2018)_Alpha-2 agonists (guanfacine / clonidine)_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Clinician-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
757 Cortese - Children (2018) Alpha-2 agonists (guanfacine / clonidine) Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Acceptability Endpoint (~12wk) NA Low RR 1.366 [1.047, 1.781] 1.047 1.781 2.13e-02 [0.683, 2.73] 11 1456 5.81e-01 6.05e-01 no 100.00000 84.343878 0.3118868 0.0459289 0.5771750 Cortese - Children (2018)_Alpha-2 agonists (guanfacine / clonidine)_Acceptability: all-cause discontinuation_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
8992 Fahrat (2024) Alpha-2 agonists (guanfacine / clonidine) Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Tics/Tourette disorder symptoms Endpoint (~12wk) N/A Low G 0.771 [0.524, 1.018] 0.524 1.018 8.84e-10 [0.371, 1.171] 4 297 5.47e-01 1.64e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.7710000 0.5240000 1.0180000 Fahrat (2024)_Alpha-2 agonists (guanfacine / clonidine)_Tics/Tourette disorder symptoms_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
757 Cortese - Children (2018) Alpha-2 agonists (guanfacine / clonidine) Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Tolerability Endpoint (~12wk) NA Very low RR 0.281 [0.125, 0.634] 0.125 0.634 2.21e-03 [0.056, 1.415] 8 1287 4.30e-01 2.51e-03 no 100.00000 86.688965 -1.2694006 -2.0794415 -0.4557063 Cortese - Children (2018)_Alpha-2 agonists (guanfacine / clonidine)_Tolerability (discontinuation due to adverse events)_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
3090 Ruggiero (2014) Alpha-2 agonists (guanfacine / clonidine) Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) AE (sleep problems) Endpoint (~12wk) NA Very low RR 0.300 [0.169, 0.532] 0.169 0.532 3.76e-05 [0.051, 1.755] 6 1704 6.08e-02 3.31e-04 no 79.62756 79.627557 -1.2039728 -1.7778566 -0.6311118 Ruggiero (2014)_Alpha-2 agonists (guanfacine / clonidine)_Specific adverse events: sleep problems_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
2902 Radonjic (2023) Alpha-2 agonists (guanfacine / clonidine) Adults (>=18yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Mixed] Endpoint (~12wk) Mixed Very low G 0.660 [0.382, 0.939] 0.382 0.939 3.24e-06 [-1.142, 2.463] 2 235 NaN 7.86e-01 no 17.51211 17.512108 0.6600000 0.3820000 0.9390000 Radonjic (2023)_Alpha-2 agonists (guanfacine / clonidine)_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
2877 Punja (2016) Amphetamines Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) AE (decreased appetite) Endpoint (~12wk) NA Low RR 0.185 [0.104, 0.329] 0.104 0.329 1.02e-08 [0.037, 0.927] 11 2467 6.26e-03 2.73e-01 no 70.80113 70.801135 -1.6873995 -2.2633644 -1.1116975 Punja (2016)_Amphetamine_Specific adverse events: decreased appetite_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
2877 Punja (2016) Amphetamines Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) AE (sleep problems) Endpoint (~12wk) NA Low RR 0.281 [0.174, 0.456] 0.174 0.456 2.52e-07 [0.088, 0.898] 10 2429 9.06e-02 4.69e-01 no 67.30355 67.303548 -1.2694006 -1.7487000 -0.7852625 Punja (2016)_Amphetamine_Specific adverse events: sleep problems_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
757 Cortese - Children (2018) Amphetamines Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Tolerability Endpoint (~12wk) NA Moderate RR 0.463 [0.223, 0.959] 0.223 0.959 3.83e-02 [0.174, 1.228] 7 1343 1.84e-01 4.34e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 -0.7700282 -1.5005835 -0.0418642 Cortese - Children (2018)_Amphetamine_Tolerability (discontinuation due to adverse events)_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
757 Cortese - Children (2018) Amphetamines Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Acceptability Endpoint (~12wk) NA Moderate RR 1.227 [0.858, 1.756] 0.858 1.756 2.63e-01 [0.486, 3.1] 7 1343 1.12e-01 4.74e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.2045722 -0.1531512 0.5630385 Cortese - Children (2018)_Amphetamine_Acceptability: all-cause discontinuation_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
2877 Punja (2016) Amphetamines Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Academic/job performance Endpoint (~12wk) NA Moderate G 0.551 [0.374, 0.728] 0.374 0.728 1.02e-09 [0.149, 0.952] 8 826 3.52e-02 9.07e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.5510000 0.3740000 0.7280000 Punja (2016)_Amphetamine_Academic/job performance_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
757 Cortese - Children (2018) Amphetamines Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Clinician-rated] Endpoint (~12wk) Clinician-rated Moderate G 1.024 [0.672, 1.376] 0.672 1.376 1.17e-08 [-0.078, 2.126] 5 876 5.11e-01 3.55e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 1.0240000 0.6720000 1.3760000 Cortese - Children (2018)_Amphetamine_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Clinician-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
2877 Punja (2016) Amphetamines Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Parent-rated] Endpoint (~12wk) Parent-rated Low G 0.568 [0.28, 0.855] 0.280 0.855 1.07e-04 [-0.288, 1.423] 7 1247 6.63e-01 5.71e-01 no 82.65086 82.650857 0.5680000 0.2800000 0.8550000 Punja (2016)_Amphetamine_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Parent-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
8888 Bellatto - children (2024) Amphetamines Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Quality of life Endpoint (~12wk) Self-rated Very low G 0.475 [-0.523, 1.474] -0.523 1.474 3.51e-01 [-10.598, 11.548] 2 521 NaN 6.16e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.4750000 -0.5230000 1.4740000 Bellatto - children (2024)_Amphetamine_Quality of life (patients)_Self-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
2877 Punja (2016) Amphetamines Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Teacher-rated] Endpoint (~12wk) Teacher-rated Very low G 0.553 [0.274, 0.833] 0.274 0.833 1.04e-04 [-0.141, 1.248] 5 745 4.38e-01 2.25e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.5530000 0.2740000 0.8330000 Punja (2016)_Amphetamine_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Teacher-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
2877 Punja (2016) Amphetamines Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) CGI Endpoint (~12wk) N/A Very low G 0.873 [0.012, 1.733] 0.012 1.733 4.69e-02 [-7.752, 9.497] 2 86 NaN 5.90e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.8730000 0.0120000 1.7330000 Punja (2016)_Amphetamine_CGI_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
1110 Faraone (2002) Amphetamines Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Disruptive behaviors Endpoint (~12wk) N/A Very low G 1.049 [0.645, 1.453] 0.645 1.453 3.70e-07 [-0.156, 2.254] 3 130 3.34e-01 9.24e-01 no 0.00000 0.000000 1.0490000 0.6450000 1.4530000 Faraone (2002)_Amphetamine_Disruptive behaviors_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
999 Ostinelli (2025) Amphetamines Adults (>=18yo) Tolerability Endpoint (~12wk) NA High RR 0.398 [0.22, 0.718] 0.220 0.718 2.24e-03 [0.203, 0.779] 11 1995 8.58e-01 9.17e-01 no 96.43121 96.431215 -0.9213033 -1.5141277 -0.3312857 Ostinelli (2025)_Amphetamine_Tolerability (discontinuation due to adverse events)_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
999 Ostinelli (2025) Amphetamines Adults (>=18yo) Acceptability Endpoint (~12wk) NA Moderate RR 1.189 [0.951, 1.485] 0.951 1.485 1.29e-01 [0.747, 1.89] 10 1957 6.07e-01 6.42e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.1731126 -0.0502412 0.3954148 Ostinelli (2025)_Amphetamine_Acceptability: all-cause discontinuation_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
999 Ostinelli (2025) Amphetamines Adults (>=18yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Self-rated] Endpoint (~12wk) Self-rated Low G 0.534 [0.297, 0.77] 0.297 0.770 9.58e-06 [0.15, 0.917] 4 300 5.04e-01 5.60e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.5340000 0.2970000 0.7700000 Ostinelli (2025)_Amphetamine_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Self-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
999 Ostinelli (2025) Amphetamines Adults (>=18yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Clinician-rated] Endpoint (~12wk) Clinician-rated Low G 0.631 [0.395, 0.868] 0.395 0.868 1.71e-07 [-0.113, 1.376] 9 1857 3.14e-01 3.76e-01 no 86.61902 86.619020 0.6310000 0.3950000 0.8680000 Ostinelli (2025)_Amphetamine_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Clinician-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
563 Castells (2018) Amphetamines Adults (>=18yo) Depressive disorder symptoms Endpoint (~12wk) Clinician-rated Very low G -0.157 [-0.523, 0.209] -0.523 0.209 4.00e-01 [-2.529, 2.215] 2 110 NaN 6.68e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 -0.1570000 -0.5230000 0.2090000 Castells (2018)_Amphetamine_Depressive disorder symptoms_Clinician-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
563 Castells (2018) Amphetamines Adults (>=18yo) Generalized anxiety Endpoint (~12wk) Clinician-rated Very low G -0.130 [-0.495, 0.236] -0.495 0.236 4.88e-01 [-2.502, 2.243] 2 110 NaN 6.52e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 -0.1300000 -0.4950000 0.2360000 Castells (2018)_Amphetamine_Generalized anxiety_Clinician-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
2027 Lenzi (2018) Amphetamines Adults (>=18yo) Emotional dysregulation Endpoint (~12wk) N/A Very low G 0.344 [0.121, 0.567] 0.121 0.567 2.54e-03 [-0.407, 1.095] 3 235 1.18e-01 9.93e-02 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.3440000 0.1210000 0.5670000 Lenzi (2018)_Amphetamine_Emotional dysregulation_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
8888 Bellato - adults (2024) Amphetamines Adults (>=18yo) Quality of life Endpoint (~12wk) Self-rated Very low G 0.524 [0.325, 0.723] 0.325 0.723 2.51e-07 [-1.02, 2.067] 2 429 NaN 3.55e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.5240000 0.3250000 0.7230000 Bellato - adults (2024)_Amphetamine_Quality of life (patients)_Self-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
1056 Elliott (2020) Amphetamines Adults (>=18yo) Exec. functions (report) Endpoint (~12wk) N/A Very low G 0.655 [0.507, 0.804] 0.507 0.804 5.79e-18 [0.414, 0.897] 4 722 8.13e-01 3.86e-01 no 0.00000 0.000000 0.6550000 0.5070000 0.8040000 Elliott (2020)_Amphetamine_Executive functioning (report)_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
563 Castells (2018) Amphetamines Adults (>=18yo) CGI Endpoint (~12wk) N/A Very low G 0.850 [0.594, 1.105] 0.594 1.105 7.20e-11 [0.201, 1.498] 3 341 6.59e-02 1.19e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.8500000 0.5940000 1.1050000 Castells (2018)_Amphetamine_CGI_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
757 Cortese - Children (2018) Atomoxetine Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Tolerability Endpoint (~12wk) NA High RR 0.542 [0.273, 1.077] 0.273 1.077 8.03e-02 [0.251, 1.171] 12 1799 4.56e-01 8.33e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 -0.6124893 -1.2982835 0.0741794 Cortese - Children (2018)_Atomoxetine_Tolerability (discontinuation due to adverse events)_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
757 Cortese - Children (2018) Atomoxetine Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Acceptability Endpoint (~12wk) NA High RR 0.999 [0.767, 1.3] 0.767 1.300 9.93e-01 [0.612, 1.63] 13 1831 1.72e-01 7.73e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 -0.0010005 -0.2652685 0.2623643 Cortese - Children (2018)_Atomoxetine_Acceptability: all-cause discontinuation_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
757 Cortese - Children (2018) Atomoxetine Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Clinician-rated] Endpoint (~12wk) Clinician-rated Moderate G 0.527 [0.415, 0.64] 0.415 0.640 3.82e-20 [0.211, 0.844] 17 2467 6.76e-02 3.67e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.5270000 0.4150000 0.6400000 Cortese - Children (2018)_Atomoxetine_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Clinician-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
474 Bryant (2021) Atomoxetine Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Generalized anxiety Endpoint (~12wk) N/A Low G 0.170 [-0.128, 0.468] -0.128 0.468 2.63e-01 [-0.931, 1.272] 3 498 8.30e-01 4.11e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.1700000 -0.1280000 0.4680000 Bryant (2021)_Atomoxetine_Generalized anxiety_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
8888 Bellatto - children (2024) Atomoxetine Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Quality of life Endpoint (~12wk) NA Moderate G 0.334 [0.193, 0.476] 0.193 0.476 3.39e-06 [0.066, 0.602] 6 1179 8.25e-01 9.29e-01 no 100.00000 83.135374 0.3340000 0.1930000 0.4760000 Bellatto - children (2024)_Atomoxetine_Quality of life (patients)_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
474 Bryant (2021) Atomoxetine Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Depressive disorder symptoms Endpoint (~12wk) N/A Very low G 0.152 [-0.043, 0.346] -0.043 0.346 1.26e-01 [-0.348, 0.651] 4 774 8.89e-01 4.62e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.1520000 -0.0430000 0.3460000 Bryant (2021)_Atomoxetine_Depressive disorder symptoms_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
757 Cortese - Children (2018) Atomoxetine Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Parent-rated] Endpoint (~12wk) Parent-rated Very low G 0.403 [0.032, 0.773] 0.032 0.773 3.33e-02 [-0.852, 1.657] 8 1218 6.62e-01 7.16e-05 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.4030000 0.0320000 0.7730000 Cortese - Children (2018)_Atomoxetine_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Parent-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
757 Cortese - Children (2018) Atomoxetine Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Teacher-rated] Endpoint (~12wk) Teacher-rated Very low G 0.447 [-0.058, 0.952] -0.058 0.952 8.24e-02 [-3.773, 4.667] 2 119 NaN 3.48e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.4470000 -0.0580000 0.9520000 Cortese - Children (2018)_Atomoxetine_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Teacher-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
999 Ostinelli (2025) Atomoxetine Adults (>=18yo) Tolerability Endpoint (~12wk) NA High RR 0.448 [0.347, 0.579] 0.347 0.579 8.47e-10 [0.338, 0.595] 14 3292 7.51e-01 6.01e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 -0.8029620 -1.0584305 -0.5464528 Ostinelli (2025)_Atomoxetine_Tolerability (discontinuation due to adverse events)_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
2027 Lenzi (2018) Atomoxetine Adults (>=18yo) Emotional dysregulation Endpoint (~12wk) N/A High G 0.244 [0.143, 0.345] 0.143 0.345 2.06e-06 [0.076, 0.412] 5 2373 7.76e-01 4.43e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.2440000 0.1430000 0.3450000 Lenzi (2018)_Atomoxetine_Emotional dysregulation_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
999 Ostinelli (2025) Atomoxetine Adults (>=18yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Self-rated] Endpoint (~12wk) Self-rated High G 0.368 [0.265, 0.471] 0.265 0.471 2.31e-12 [0.24, 0.496] 7 1734 7.38e-01 3.95e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.3680000 0.2650000 0.4710000 Ostinelli (2025)_Atomoxetine_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Self-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
999 Ostinelli (2025) Atomoxetine Adults (>=18yo) Acceptability Endpoint (~12wk) NA Moderate RR 0.818 [0.74, 0.904] 0.740 0.904 8.41e-05 [0.667, 1.004] 14 3292 6.42e-01 5.75e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 -0.2008929 -0.3011051 -0.1009259 Ostinelli (2025)_Atomoxetine_Acceptability: all-cause discontinuation_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
999 Ostinelli (2025) Atomoxetine Adults (>=18yo) Quality of life Endpoint (~12wk) N/A Very low G -0.222 [-0.376, -0.068] -0.376 -0.068 4.69e-03 [-1.219, 0.775] 2 651 NaN 5.17e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 -0.2220000 -0.3760000 -0.0680000 Ostinelli (2025)_Atomoxetine_Quality of life (patients)_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
999 Ostinelli (2025) Atomoxetine Adults (>=18yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Clinician-rated] Follow-up (~26wk) Clinician-rated Very low G 0.330 [0.075, 0.585] 0.075 0.585 1.12e-02 [-0.599, 1.259] 3 1006 8.54e-01 5.88e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.3300000 0.0750000 0.5850000 Ostinelli (2025)_Atomoxetine_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Clinician-rated_At follow-up (closest to 26 weeks)
999 Ostinelli (2025) Atomoxetine Adults (>=18yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Self-rated] Follow-up (~26wk) Self-rated Very low G 0.354 [0.215, 0.493] 0.215 0.493 6.51e-07 [-0.588, 1.296] 2 872 NaN 3.61e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.3540000 0.2150000 0.4930000 Ostinelli (2025)_Atomoxetine_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Self-rated_At follow-up (closest to 26 weeks)
1056 Elliott (2020) Atomoxetine Adults (>=18yo) Exec. functions (report) Endpoint (~12wk) N/A Very low G 0.381 [0.209, 0.554] 0.209 0.554 1.45e-05 [-0.736, 1.499] 2 535 NaN 1.23e-01 no 0.00000 0.000000 0.3810000 0.2090000 0.5540000 Elliott (2020)_Atomoxetine_Executive functioning (report)_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
999 Ostinelli (2025) Atomoxetine Adults (>=18yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Clinician-rated] Endpoint (~12wk) Clinician-rated Very low G 0.547 [0.331, 0.763] 0.331 0.763 6.85e-07 [-0.186, 1.28] 11 2537 2.60e-02 2.54e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.5470000 0.3310000 0.7630000 Ostinelli (2025)_Atomoxetine_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Clinician-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
575 Catala-Lopez (2017) Bupropion Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Tolerability Endpoint (~12wk) NA Very low RR 0.354 [0.042, 2.953] 0.042 2.953 3.37e-01 [0, 331981.587] 2 139 NaN 6.81e-01 no 0.00000 0.000000 -1.0384584 -3.1700857 1.0828216 Catala-Lopez (2017)_Bupropion_Tolerability (discontinuation due to adverse events)_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
575 Catala-Lopez (2017) Bupropion Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Acceptability Endpoint (~12wk) NA Very low RR 0.683 [0.185, 2.521] 0.185 2.521 5.67e-01 [0, 3243.975] 2 139 NaN 6.39e-01 no 0.00000 0.000000 -0.3812604 -1.6873995 0.9246556 Catala-Lopez (2017)_Bupropion_Acceptability: all-cause discontinuation_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
3442 Stuhec (2015) Bupropion Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Mixed] Endpoint (~12wk) Mixed Very low G 0.314 [-0.048, 0.676] -0.048 0.676 8.95e-02 [-2.034, 2.661] 2 124 NaN 7.74e-01 no 76.29238 76.292382 0.3140000 -0.0480000 0.6760000 Stuhec (2015)_Bupropion_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
3681 Verbeeck (2017) Bupropion Adults (>=18yo) Depressive disorder symptoms Endpoint (~12wk) N/A Low G -0.160 [-0.447, 0.127] -0.447 0.127 2.73e-01 [-2.021, 1.7] 2 184 NaN 6.96e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 -0.1600000 -0.4470000 0.1270000 Verbeeck (2017)_Bupropion_Depressive disorder symptoms_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
3681 Verbeeck (2017) Bupropion Adults (>=18yo) Generalized anxiety Endpoint (~12wk) N/A Low G -0.106 [-0.392, 0.181] -0.392 0.181 4.71e-01 [-1.965, 1.754] 2 184 NaN 6.54e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 -0.1060000 -0.3920000 0.1810000 Verbeeck (2017)_Bupropion_Generalized anxiety_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
999 Ostinelli (2025) Bupropion Adults (>=18yo) Acceptability Endpoint (~12wk) NA Very low RR 0.972 [0.212, 4.449] 0.212 4.449 9.70e-01 [0, 620036.13] 2 99 NaN 6.91e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 -0.0283995 -1.5511690 1.4926794 Ostinelli (2025)_Bupropion_Acceptability: all-cause discontinuation_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
999 Ostinelli (2025) Bupropion Adults (>=18yo) Tolerability Endpoint (~12wk) NA Very low RR 1.258 [0.081, 19.591] 0.081 19.591 8.70e-01 [0, 67568287.368] 2 99 NaN 6.02e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.2295232 -2.5133061 2.9750703 Ostinelli (2025)_Bupropion_Tolerability (discontinuation due to adverse events)_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
757 Cortese - Adults (2018) Bupropion Adults (>=18yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Clinician-rated] Endpoint (~12wk) Clinician-rated Very low G 0.386 [0.079, 0.694] 0.079 0.694 1.38e-02 [-1.606, 2.378] 2 202 NaN 4.59e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.3860000 0.0790000 0.6940000 Cortese - Adults (2018)_Bupropion_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Clinician-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
999 Ostinelli (2025) Bupropion Adults (>=18yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Self-rated] Endpoint (~12wk) Self-rated Very low G 0.798 [0.25, 1.345] 0.250 1.345 4.28e-03 [-2.75, 4.346] 2 64 NaN 6.28e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.7980000 0.2500000 1.3450000 Ostinelli (2025)_Bupropion_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Self-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
575 Catala-Lopez (2017) Carnitine Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Acceptability Endpoint (~12wk) NA Very low RR 1.242 [0.762, 2.024] 0.762 2.024 3.84e-01 [0.562, 2.745] 4 247 3.33e-02 6.93e-01 no 88.05858 88.058579 0.2167230 -0.2718087 0.7050758 Catala-Lopez (2017)_Carnitine_Acceptability: all-cause discontinuation_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
8993 Maji (2024.0) Centafanadine Adults (>=18yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Mixed] Endpoint (~12wk) Mixed Very low G 0.434 [0.076, 0.792] 0.076 0.792 1.75e-02 [-2.993, 3.861] 2 444 NaN 6.55e-02 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.4340000 0.0760000 0.7920000 Maji (2024.0)_Centafanadine_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
962 Ding (2018) Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Mixed] Endpoint (~12wk) Mixed Very low G 0.697 [0.394, 1] 0.394 1.000 6.38e-06 [0.033, 1.362] 3 167 5.90e-01 5.34e-02 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.6970000 0.3940000 1.0000000 Ding (2018)_Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
999 Ostinelli (2025) Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Adults (>=18yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Clinician-rated] Endpoint (~12wk) Clinician-rated Moderate G 0.528 [0.286, 0.771] 0.286 0.771 1.98e-05 [0.185, 0.872] 5 265 7.16e-01 2.67e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.5280000 0.2860000 0.7710000 Ostinelli (2025)_Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Clinician-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
999 Ostinelli (2025) Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Adults (>=18yo) Acceptability Endpoint (~12wk) NA Low RR 1.106 [0.745, 1.642] 0.745 1.642 6.18e-01 [0.493, 2.479] 10 867 7.04e-02 4.00e-02 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.1007499 -0.2943711 0.4959150 Ostinelli (2025)_Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)_Acceptability: all-cause discontinuation_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
999 Ostinelli (2025) Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Adults (>=18yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Self-rated] Endpoint (~12wk) Self-rated Low G 0.422 [0.202, 0.642] 0.202 0.642 1.66e-04 [-0.049, 0.893] 8 531 2.91e-01 4.01e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.4220000 0.2020000 0.6420000 Ostinelli (2025)_Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Self-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
999 Ostinelli (2025) Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Adults (>=18yo) Tolerability Endpoint (~12wk) NA Very low RR 1.071 [0.114, 10.067] 0.114 10.067 9.52e-01 [0.008, 146.536] 3 184 7.52e-01 6.14e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.0685928 -2.1715568 2.3092627 Ostinelli (2025)_Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)_Tolerability (discontinuation due to adverse events)_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
999 Ostinelli (2025) Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Adults (>=18yo) Quality of life Endpoint (~12wk) N/A Very low G 0.259 [-0.181, 0.7] -0.181 0.700 2.48e-01 [-2.596, 3.115] 2 77 NaN 7.08e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.2590000 -0.1810000 0.7000000 Ostinelli (2025)_Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)_Quality of life (patients)_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
999 Ostinelli (2025) Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Adults (>=18yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Clinician-rated] Follow-up (~26wk) Clinician-rated Very low G 0.310 [-0.064, 0.684] -0.064 0.684 1.04e-01 [-2.115, 2.736] 2 109 NaN 7.67e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.3100000 -0.0640000 0.6840000 Ostinelli (2025)_Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Clinician-rated_At follow-up (closest to 26 weeks)
2154 Lopez (2018) Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Adults (>=18yo) Generalized anxiety Endpoint (~12wk) Self-rated Very low G 0.345 [0.045, 0.644] 0.045 0.644 2.40e-02 [-0.141, 0.831] 4 168 1.88e-01 4.25e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.3450000 0.0450000 0.6440000 Lopez (2018)_Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)_Generalized anxiety_Self-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
2154 Lopez (2018) Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Adults (>=18yo) Depressive disorder symptoms Endpoint (~12wk) Self-rated Very low G 0.452 [0.137, 0.768] 0.137 0.768 4.90e-03 [-0.151, 1.056] 5 187 3.41e-01 3.25e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.4520000 0.1370000 0.7680000 Lopez (2018)_Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)_Depressive disorder symptoms_Self-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
999 Ostinelli (2025) Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Adults (>=18yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Self-rated] Follow-up (~26wk) Self-rated Very low G 0.562 [0.297, 0.827] 0.297 0.827 3.22e-05 [-0.065, 1.189] 5 413 1.21e-01 2.15e-02 no 86.35662 86.356617 0.5620000 0.2970000 0.8270000 Ostinelli (2025)_Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Self-rated_At follow-up (closest to 26 weeks)
999 Ostinelli (2025) Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Adults (>=18yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Self-rated] Follow-up (~52wk) Self-rated Very low G 0.596 [-0.095, 1.286] -0.095 1.286 9.07e-02 [-6.267, 7.458] 2 109 NaN 5.12e-01 no 54.19171 54.191709 0.5960000 -0.0950000 1.2860000 Ostinelli (2025)_Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Self-rated_At follow-up (closest to 52 weeks)
2118 Liu (2022) Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Adults (>=18yo) CGI Endpoint (~12wk) Clinician-rated Very low G 1.145 [0.311, 1.978] 0.311 1.978 7.12e-03 [-1.606, 3.895] 5 260 3.70e-01 7.51e-01 no 100.00000 61.344558 1.1450000 0.3110000 1.9780000 Liu (2022)_Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)_CGI_Clinician-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
3836 Westwood - Children (2024) Cognitive training Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Teacher-rated] Endpoint (~12wk) Teacher-rated Low G 0.114 [-0.044, 0.273] -0.044 0.273 1.58e-01 [-0.084, 0.312] 7 395 3.19e-01 7.78e-01 no 90.62697 65.206501 0.1140000 -0.0440000 0.2730000 Westwood - Children (2024)_Cognitive training_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Teacher-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
3836 Westwood - Children (2024) Cognitive training Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Exec. functions (tests) Endpoint (~12wk) NA Low G 0.199 [0.059, 0.339] 0.059 0.339 5.27e-03 [0.04, 0.358] 11 623 3.59e-01 6.41e-01 no 91.40557 52.332518 0.1990000 0.0590000 0.3390000 Westwood - Children (2024)_Cognitive training_Executive functioning (tests)_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
575 Catala-Lopez (2017) Cognitive training Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Acceptability Endpoint (~12wk) NA Very low RR 0.609 [0.366, 1.012] 0.366 1.012 5.57e-02 [0.33, 1.124] 8 535 5.27e-01 8.25e-01 no 94.39064 45.993264 -0.4959370 -1.0051219 0.0119286 Catala-Lopez (2017)_Cognitive training_Acceptability: all-cause discontinuation_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
3836 Westwood - Children (2024) Cognitive training Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Exec. functions (report) Endpoint (~12wk) NA Very low G 0.089 [-0.181, 0.359] -0.181 0.359 5.17e-01 [-0.503, 0.682] 3 195 5.84e-02 6.62e-01 no 100.00000 16.612125 0.0890000 -0.1810000 0.3590000 Westwood - Children (2024)_Cognitive training_Executive functioning (report)_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
3836 Westwood - Children (2024) Cognitive training Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Exec. functions (report) Endpoint (~12wk) Parent-rated Very low G 0.097 [-0.16, 0.355] -0.160 0.355 4.59e-01 [-0.311, 0.506] 5 238 5.42e-01 7.07e-01 no 76.77170 42.665135 0.0970000 -0.1600000 0.3550000 Westwood - Children (2024)_Cognitive training_Executive functioning (report)_Parent-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
3836 Westwood - Children (2024) Cognitive training Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Clinician-rated] Endpoint (~12wk) Clinician-rated Very low G 0.116 [-0.17, 0.402] -0.170 0.402 4.26e-01 [-1.74, 1.972] 2 111 NaN 6.62e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.1160000 -0.1700000 0.4020000 Westwood - Children (2024)_Cognitive training_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Clinician-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
3836 Westwood - Children (2024) Cognitive training Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Parent-rated] Follow-up (~26wk) Parent-rated Very low G 0.132 [-0.154, 0.418] -0.154 0.418 3.66e-01 [-0.599, 0.863] 5 273 6.27e-01 8.33e-01 no 84.70352 45.459409 0.1320000 -0.1540000 0.4180000 Westwood - Children (2024)_Cognitive training_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Parent-rated_At follow-up (closest to 26 weeks)
3836 Westwood - Children (2024) Cognitive training Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Exec. functions (report) Follow-up (~26wk) NA Very low G 0.157 [-0.116, 0.429] -0.116 0.429 2.59e-01 [-0.441, 0.755] 3 195 9.75e-01 7.10e-01 no 100.00000 15.765674 0.1570000 -0.1160000 0.4290000 Westwood - Children (2024)_Cognitive training_Executive functioning (report)_NA_At follow-up (closest to 26 weeks)
3836 Westwood - Children (2024) Cognitive training Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Academic/job performance Endpoint (~12wk) NA Very low G 0.196 [-0.045, 0.437] -0.045 0.437 1.11e-01 [-0.196, 0.588] 4 237 7.06e-01 7.62e-01 no 100.00000 52.959786 0.1960000 -0.0450000 0.4370000 Westwood - Children (2024)_Cognitive training_Academic/job performance_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
3836 Westwood - Children (2024) Cognitive training Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Parent-rated] Endpoint (~12wk) Parent-rated Very low G 0.198 [-0.035, 0.431] -0.035 0.431 9.61e-02 [-0.498, 0.894] 10 533 5.56e-01 4.01e-01 no 90.57745 48.848921 0.1980000 -0.0350000 0.4310000 Westwood - Children (2024)_Cognitive training_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Parent-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
3836 Westwood - Children (2024) Cognitive training Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Exec. functions (tests) Follow-up (~26wk) NA Very low G 0.198 [0.012, 0.384] 0.012 0.384 3.74e-02 [-0.046, 0.441] 6 374 4.82e-01 8.39e-01 no 86.50690 24.546605 0.1980000 0.0120000 0.3840000 Westwood - Children (2024)_Cognitive training_Executive functioning (tests)_NA_At follow-up (closest to 26 weeks)
3836 Westwood - Children (2024) Cognitive training Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Academic/job performance Follow-up (~26wk) NA Very low G 0.257 [-0.078, 0.593] -0.078 0.593 1.33e-01 [-0.542, 1.057] 4 180 1.61e-01 2.29e-01 no 77.62598 27.614461 0.2570000 -0.0780000 0.5930000 Westwood - Children (2024)_Cognitive training_Academic/job performance_NA_At follow-up (closest to 26 weeks)
3836 Westwood - Children (2024) Cognitive training Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Exec. functions (report) Follow-up (~26wk) Parent-rated Very low G 0.441 [0.017, 0.865] 0.017 0.865 4.17e-02 [-2.612, 3.494] 2 82 NaN 2.55e-01 no 41.13463 0.000000 0.4410000 0.0170000 0.8650000 Westwood - Children (2024)_Cognitive training_Executive functioning (report)_Parent-rated_At follow-up (closest to 26 weeks)
999 Ostinelli (2025) Cognitive training Adults (>=18yo) Quality of life Endpoint (~12wk) N/A Very low G -0.309 [-0.832, 0.214] -0.832 0.214 2.46e-01 [-3.698, 3.08] 2 58 NaN 7.06e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 -0.3090000 -0.8320000 0.2140000 Ostinelli (2025)_Cognitive training_Quality of life (patients)_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
999 Ostinelli (2025) Cognitive training Adults (>=18yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Self-rated] Endpoint (~12wk) Self-rated Very low G -0.011 [-0.332, 0.31] -0.332 0.310 9.46e-01 [-0.532, 0.51] 4 160 8.17e-02 6.40e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 -0.0110000 -0.3320000 0.3100000 Ostinelli (2025)_Cognitive training_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Self-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
999 Ostinelli (2025) Cognitive training Adults (>=18yo) Acceptability Endpoint (~12wk) NA Very low RR 1.296 [0.64, 2.623] 0.640 2.623 4.71e-01 [0.141, 11.918] 3 189 7.02e-01 1.46e-01 no 52.61939 52.619388 0.2592826 -0.4462871 0.9643187 Ostinelli (2025)_Cognitive training_Acceptability: all-cause discontinuation_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
3836 Westwood - Adults (2024) Cognitive training Adults (>=18yo) Exec. functions (tests) Endpoint (~12wk) NA Very low G 0.412 [-0.179, 1.003] -0.179 1.003 1.72e-01 [-1.447, 2.272] 4 141 4.35e-01 6.45e-01 no 100.00000 27.845526 0.4120000 -0.1790000 1.0030000 Westwood - Adults (2024)_Cognitive training_Executive functioning (tests)_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
8991 Maiti - Children (2024) Dasotraline Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) AE (sleep problems) Endpoint (~12wk) NA Very low RR 0.215 [0.091, 0.508] 0.091 0.508 4.68e-04 [0.032, 1.424] 3 380 9.02e-01 1.90e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 -1.5371173 -2.3968958 -0.6772738 Maiti - Children (2024)_Dasotraline_Specific adverse events: sleep problems_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
8991 Maiti - Children (2024) Dasotraline Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) AE (decreased appetite) Endpoint (~12wk) NA Very low RR 0.307 [0.128, 0.732] 0.128 0.732 7.76e-03 [0.045, 2.072] 3 380 3.85e-01 4.90e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 -1.1809075 -2.0557250 -0.3119748 Maiti - Children (2024)_Dasotraline_Specific adverse events: decreased appetite_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
8991 Maiti - Children (2024) Dasotraline Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Mixed] Endpoint (~12wk) Mixed Very low G 0.628 [0.199, 1.057] 0.199 1.057 4.11e-03 [-1.076, 2.332] 3 378 4.68e-02 5.89e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.6280000 0.1990000 1.0570000 Maiti - Children (2024)_Dasotraline_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
8991 Maiti - Adults (2024) Dasotraline Adults (>=18yo) AE (decreased appetite) Endpoint (~12wk) NA Very low RR 0.255 [0.122, 0.532] 0.122 0.532 2.73e-04 [0.002, 30.074] 2 492 NaN 2.19e-02 no 100.00000 100.000000 -1.3664917 -2.1037342 -0.6311118 Maiti - Adults (2024)_Dasotraline_Specific adverse events: decreased appetite_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
8991 Maiti - Adults (2024) Dasotraline Adults (>=18yo) AE (sleep problems) Endpoint (~12wk) NA Very low RR 0.326 [0.215, 0.495] 0.215 0.495 1.39e-07 [0.022, 4.872] 2 492 NaN 3.83e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 -1.1208579 -1.5371173 -0.7031975 Maiti - Adults (2024)_Dasotraline_Specific adverse events: sleep problems_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
8991 Maiti - Adults (2024) Dasotraline Adults (>=18yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Mixed] Endpoint (~12wk) Mixed Very low G 0.191 [0.011, 0.371] 0.011 0.371 3.78e-02 [-0.976, 1.357] 2 482 NaN 8.13e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.1910000 0.0110000 0.3710000 Maiti - Adults (2024)_Dasotraline_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
8991 Maiti - Adults (2024) Dasotraline Adults (>=18yo) CGI Endpoint (~12wk) N/A Very low G 0.234 [0.003, 0.465] 0.003 0.465 4.68e-02 [-1.737, 2.206] 2 482 NaN 3.41e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.2340000 0.0030000 0.4650000 Maiti - Adults (2024)_Dasotraline_CGI_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
575 Catala-Lopez (2017) Desipramine Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Acceptability Endpoint (~12wk) NA Very low RR 1.221 [0.299, 4.993] 0.299 4.993 7.81e-01 [0, 145965.68] 2 114 NaN 6.48e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.1996702 -1.2073117 1.6080369 Catala-Lopez (2017)_Desipramine_Acceptability: all-cause discontinuation_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
575 Catala-Lopez (2017) Desipramine Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Tolerability Endpoint (~12wk) NA Very low RR 1.416 [0.098, 20.475] 0.098 20.475 7.98e-01 [0, 7851599820.018] 2 114 NaN 6.63e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.3478360 -2.3227878 3.0192046 Catala-Lopez (2017)_Desipramine_Tolerability (discontinuation due to adverse events)_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
2646 Otasowie (2014) Desipramine Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Teacher-rated] Endpoint (~12wk) Teacher-rated Very low G 0.978 [0.283, 1.673] 0.283 1.673 5.81e-03 [-5.631, 7.588] 2 89 NaN 8.74e-02 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.9780000 0.2830000 1.6730000 Otasowie (2014)_Desipramine_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Teacher-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
2646 Otasowie (2014) Desipramine Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Parent-rated] Endpoint (~12wk) Parent-rated Very low G 1.431 [0.859, 2.002] 0.859 2.002 9.33e-07 [-3.544, 6.405] 2 99 NaN 4.36e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 1.4310000 0.8590000 2.0020000 Otasowie (2014)_Desipramine_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Parent-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
999 Ostinelli (2025) Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT) Adults (>=18yo) Acceptability Endpoint (~12wk) NA Low RR 0.899 [0.551, 1.468] 0.551 1.468 6.72e-01 [0.251, 3.227] 3 368 2.10e-01 6.54e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 -0.1064722 -0.5960205 0.3839009 Ostinelli (2025)_Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT)_Acceptability: all-cause discontinuation_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
999 Ostinelli (2025) Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT) Adults (>=18yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Self-rated] Endpoint (~12wk) Self-rated Low G 0.223 [-0.324, 0.771] -0.324 0.771 4.24e-01 [-1.939, 2.386] 3 286 8.55e-01 4.43e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.2230000 -0.3240000 0.7710000 Ostinelli (2025)_Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT)_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Self-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
575 Catala-Lopez (2017) Diet (restricted/elimination) Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Tolerability Endpoint (~12wk) NA Very low RR 0.371 [0.04, 3.427] 0.040 3.427 3.82e-01 [0, 679120.103] 2 127 NaN 6.72e-01 no 100.00000 49.027999 -0.9915532 -3.2188758 1.2316852 Catala-Lopez (2017)_Diet (restricted/elimination)_Tolerability (discontinuation due to adverse events)_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
575 Catala-Lopez (2017) Diet (restricted/elimination) Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Acceptability Endpoint (~12wk) NA Very low RR 0.939 [0.546, 1.615] 0.546 1.615 8.20e-01 [0.39, 2.264] 4 273 9.03e-02 6.41e-01 no 94.54024 88.878268 -0.0629398 -0.6051363 0.4793350 Catala-Lopez (2017)_Diet (restricted/elimination)_Acceptability: all-cause discontinuation_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
3367 Sonuga-Barke (2014) Diet (restricted/elimination) Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Mixed] Endpoint (~12wk) Mixed Very low G 0.729 [-0.065, 1.524] -0.065 1.524 7.18e-02 [-1.97, 3.429] 4 218 1.64e-01 4.72e-01 serious 0.00000 0.000000 0.7290000 -0.0650000 1.5240000 Sonuga-Barke (2014)_Diet (restricted/elimination)_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
798 Heirs (2007) Homeopathy Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Parent-rated] Endpoint (~12wk) Parent-rated Very low G -0.053 [-0.515, 0.409] -0.515 0.409 8.23e-01 [-3.05, 2.944] 2 63 NaN 6.09e-01 no 0.00000 0.000000 -0.0530000 -0.5150000 0.4090000 Heirs (2007)_Homeopathy_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Parent-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
798 Heirs (2007) Homeopathy Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) CD/ODD symptoms Endpoint (~12wk) Parent-rated Very low G 0.021 [-0.442, 0.484] -0.442 0.484 9.29e-01 [-2.982, 3.024] 2 63 NaN 5.94e-01 no 0.00000 0.000000 0.0210000 -0.4420000 0.4840000 Heirs (2007)_Homeopathy_Conduct Disorder symptoms/Oppositional Defiant Disorder symptoms_Parent-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
575 Catala-Lopez (2017) Homeopathy Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Acceptability Endpoint (~12wk) NA Very low RR 1.448 [0.73, 2.874] 0.730 2.874 2.90e-01 [0.017, 123.252] 2 104 NaN 6.92e-01 no 18.62110 18.621095 0.3701833 -0.3147107 1.0557048 Catala-Lopez (2017)_Homeopathy_Acceptability: all-cause discontinuation_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
3448 Sugaya (2023) Methylphenidate Pre-school (<6yo) Acceptability Endpoint (~12wk) NA Very low RR 2.888 [1.55, 5.382] 1.550 5.382 8.38e-04 [0.051, 163.305] 2 216 NaN 5.64e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 1.0605642 0.4382549 1.6830601 Sugaya (2023)_Methylphenidate_Acceptability: all-cause discontinuation_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
662 Chiu (2022) Methylphenidate Pre-school (<6yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Parent-rated] Endpoint (~12wk) Parent-rated Very low G 0.628 [0.282, 0.974] 0.282 0.974 3.72e-04 [-0.409, 1.665] 5 623 2.75e-01 1.05e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.6280000 0.2820000 0.9740000 Chiu (2022)_Methylphenidate_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Parent-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
662 Chiu (2022) Methylphenidate Pre-school (<6yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Teacher-rated] Endpoint (~12wk) Teacher-rated Very low G 0.664 [0.222, 1.106] 0.222 1.106 3.25e-03 [-0.669, 1.997] 5 526 8.48e-02 1.12e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.6640000 0.2220000 1.1060000 Chiu (2022)_Methylphenidate_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Teacher-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
757 Cortese - Children (2018) Methylphenidate Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Tolerability Endpoint (~12wk) NA High RR 0.638 [0.363, 1.122] 0.363 1.122 1.19e-01 [0.349, 1.166] 20 2878 5.23e-01 8.55e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 -0.4494170 -1.0133524 0.1151128 Cortese - Children (2018)_Methylphenidate_Tolerability (discontinuation due to adverse events)_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
757 Cortese - Children (2018) Methylphenidate Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Acceptability Endpoint (~12wk) NA High RR 1.584 [1.353, 1.854] 1.353 1.854 1.01e-08 [1.34, 1.873] 21 2947 1.12e-01 5.98e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.4599533 0.3023243 0.6173455 Cortese - Children (2018)_Methylphenidate_Acceptability: all-cause discontinuation_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
757 Cortese - Children (2018) Methylphenidate Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Clinician-rated] Endpoint (~12wk) Clinician-rated High G 0.762 [0.56, 0.965] 0.560 0.965 1.45e-13 [0.328, 1.197] 6 1038 8.63e-01 2.46e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.7620000 0.5600000 0.9650000 Cortese - Children (2018)_Methylphenidate_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Clinician-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
757 Cortese - Children (2018) Methylphenidate Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Parent-rated] Endpoint (~12wk) Parent-rated High G 0.786 [0.634, 0.939] 0.634 0.939 4.69e-24 [0.603, 0.97] 8 852 3.33e-01 6.24e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.7860000 0.6340000 0.9390000 Cortese - Children (2018)_Methylphenidate_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Parent-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
3425 Storebo (2023) Methylphenidate Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Suicidal ideation/behavior Endpoint (~12wk) N/A Moderate RR 1.103 [0.245, 4.962] 0.245 4.962 8.98e-01 [0.154, 7.927] 6 1032 2.71e-02 6.62e-01 no 77.39797 77.397967 0.0980337 -1.4064971 1.6018089 Storebo (2023)_Methylphenidate_Suicidal ideation/behavior_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
757 Cortese - Children (2018) Methylphenidate Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Teacher-rated] Endpoint (~12wk) Teacher-rated Moderate G 0.826 [0.625, 1.028] 0.625 1.028 9.89e-16 [0.474, 1.179] 5 437 4.68e-01 9.28e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.8260000 0.6250000 1.0280000 Cortese - Children (2018)_Methylphenidate_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Teacher-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
8992 Farhat (2024) Methylphenidate Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Tics/Tourette disorder symptoms Endpoint (~12wk) N/A Low G 0.117 [-0.388, 0.622] -0.388 0.622 6.49e-01 [-1.825, 2.06] 3 217 8.90e-01 5.27e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.1170000 -0.3880000 0.6220000 Farhat (2024)_Methylphenidate_Tics/Tourette disorder symptoms_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
3425 Storebo (2023) Methylphenidate Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Quality of life Endpoint (~12wk) N/A Low G 0.610 [0.421, 0.798] 0.421 0.798 2.29e-10 [0.196, 1.023] 3 514 5.21e-01 1.35e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.6100000 0.4210000 0.7980000 Storebo (2023)_Methylphenidate_Quality of life (patients)_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
3425 Storebo (2023) Methylphenidate Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) AE (decreased appetite) Endpoint (~12wk) NA Low RR 0.264 [0.193, 0.363] 0.193 0.363 1.91e-16 [0.059, 1.183] 41 6091 1.90e-03 1.14e-05 no 85.28597 78.494452 -1.3318062 -1.6450651 -1.0133524 Storebo (2023)_Methylphenidate_Specific adverse events: decreased appetite_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
3425 Storebo (2023) Methylphenidate Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) AE (sleep problems) Endpoint (~12wk) NA Very low RR 0.533 [0.396, 0.718] 0.396 0.718 3.50e-05 [0.137, 2.082] 37 5499 1.91e-02 2.80e-01 no 88.06480 81.743930 -0.6292339 -0.9263411 -0.3312857 Storebo (2023)_Methylphenidate_Specific adverse events: sleep problems_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
474 Bryant (2021) Methylphenidate Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Generalized anxiety Endpoint (~12wk) N/A Very low G 0.382 [-0.215, 0.979] -0.215 0.979 2.09e-01 [-1.893, 2.657] 3 162 1.78e-01 4.18e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.3820000 -0.2150000 0.9790000 Bryant (2021)_Methylphenidate_Generalized anxiety_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
3425 Storebo (2023) Methylphenidate Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Parent-rated] Follow-up (~26wk) Parent-rated Very low G 0.567 [0.347, 0.786] 0.347 0.786 4.20e-07 [-0.856, 1.99] 2 322 NaN 8.51e-01 no 100.00000 0.000000 0.5670000 0.3470000 0.7860000 Storebo (2023)_Methylphenidate_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Parent-rated_At follow-up (closest to 26 weeks)
999 Ostinelli (2025) Methylphenidate Adults (>=18yo) Tolerability Endpoint (~12wk) NA High RR 0.499 [0.361, 0.69] 0.361 0.690 2.58e-05 [0.354, 0.705] 21 4389 7.46e-01 5.14e-01 no 93.97912 93.979125 -0.6951492 -1.0188773 -0.3710637 Ostinelli (2025)_Methylphenidate_Tolerability (discontinuation due to adverse events)_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
999 Ostinelli (2025) Methylphenidate Adults (>=18yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Self-rated] Endpoint (~12wk) Self-rated High G 0.343 [0.261, 0.425] 0.261 0.425 3.01e-16 [0.251, 0.434] 13 2944 1.40e-01 4.15e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.3430000 0.2610000 0.4250000 Ostinelli (2025)_Methylphenidate_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Self-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
2785 Pievsky (2018) Methylphenidate Adults (>=18yo) Exec. functions (tests) Endpoint (~12wk) Clinician-rated Moderate G 0.154 [0.028, 0.28] 0.028 0.280 1.62e-02 [-0.014, 0.322] 15 973 3.83e-01 6.21e-01 no 87.18187 80.695585 0.1540000 0.0280000 0.2800000 Pievsky (2018)_Methylphenidate_Executive functioning (tests)_Clinician-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
999 Ostinelli (2025) Methylphenidate Adults (>=18yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Clinician-rated] Endpoint (~12wk) Clinician-rated Moderate G 0.502 [0.393, 0.611] 0.393 0.611 1.82e-19 [0.153, 0.85] 18 3680 2.04e-02 7.16e-02 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.5020000 0.3930000 0.6110000 Ostinelli (2025)_Methylphenidate_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Clinician-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
381 Boesen (2022) Methylphenidate Adults (>=18yo) AE (decreased appetite) Endpoint (~12wk) NA Very low RR 0.245 [0.201, 0.3] 0.201 0.300 5.06e-43 [0.197, 0.305] 16 4491 2.45e-01 4.87e-01 no 20.48968 20.489680 -1.4064971 -1.6044504 -1.2039728 Boesen (2022)_Methylphenidate_Specific adverse events: decreased appetite_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
381 Boesen (2022) Methylphenidate Adults (>=18yo) AE (sleep problems) Endpoint (~12wk) NA Very low RR 0.512 [0.394, 0.665] 0.394 0.665 5.18e-07 [0.361, 0.726] 16 4435 3.61e-02 2.09e-01 no 18.36635 18.366346 -0.6694307 -0.9314044 -0.4079682 Boesen (2022)_Methylphenidate_Specific adverse events: sleep problems_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
999 Ostinelli (2025) Methylphenidate Adults (>=18yo) Quality of life Endpoint (~12wk) N/A Low G -0.088 [-0.277, 0.1] -0.277 0.100 3.59e-01 [-1.312, 1.135] 2 490 NaN 6.76e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 -0.0880000 -0.2770000 0.1000000 Ostinelli (2025)_Methylphenidate_Quality of life (patients)_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
999 Ostinelli (2025) Methylphenidate Adults (>=18yo) Acceptability Endpoint (~12wk) NA Very low RR 0.999 [0.819, 1.219] 0.819 1.219 9.93e-01 [0.563, 1.774] 20 3925 6.23e-01 9.32e-02 no 100.00000 100.000000 -0.0010005 -0.1996712 0.1980309 Ostinelli (2025)_Methylphenidate_Acceptability: all-cause discontinuation_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
999 Ostinelli (2025) Methylphenidate Adults (>=18yo) Exec. functions (tests) Endpoint (~12wk) N/A Very low G 0.152 [-0.3, 0.604] -0.300 0.604 5.09e-01 [-2.778, 3.083] 2 71 NaN 6.47e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.1520000 -0.3000000 0.6040000 Ostinelli (2025)_Methylphenidate_Executive functioning (tests)_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
999 Ostinelli (2025) Methylphenidate Adults (>=18yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Self-rated] Follow-up (~26wk) Self-rated Very low G 0.255 [0.071, 0.44] 0.071 0.440 6.66e-03 [-0.941, 1.452] 2 498 NaN 4.70e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.2550000 0.0710000 0.4400000 Ostinelli (2025)_Methylphenidate_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Self-rated_At follow-up (closest to 26 weeks)
999 Ostinelli (2025) Methylphenidate Adults (>=18yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Clinician-rated] Follow-up (~26wk) Clinician-rated Very low G 0.338 [0.155, 0.522] 0.155 0.522 2.97e-04 [-0.85, 1.527] 2 506 NaN 7.22e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.3380000 0.1550000 0.5220000 Ostinelli (2025)_Methylphenidate_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Clinician-rated_At follow-up (closest to 26 weeks)
999 Ostinelli (2025) Methylphenidate Adults (>=18yo) Emotional dysregulation Endpoint (~12wk) N/A Very low G 0.431 [-0.013, 0.875] -0.013 0.875 5.72e-02 [-1.393, 2.254] 3 655 4.22e-01 3.60e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.4310000 -0.0130000 0.8750000 Ostinelli (2025)_Methylphenidate_Emotional dysregulation_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
2785 Pievsky (2018) Methylphenidate Adults (>=18yo) Driving Endpoint (~12wk) Clinician-rated Very low G 0.530 [-0.073, 1.133] -0.073 1.133 8.49e-02 [-1.706, 2.766] 3 154 3.09e-02 4.67e-01 no 64.92069 45.726420 0.5300000 -0.0730000 1.1330000 Pievsky (2018)_Methylphenidate_Driving_Clinician-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
1056 Elliott (2020) Methylphenidate Adults (>=18yo) Exec. functions (report) Endpoint (~12wk) Self-rated Very low G 0.647 [-0.021, 1.316] -0.021 1.316 5.78e-02 [-1.586, 2.881] 5 1579 3.67e-01 1.98e-02 no 0.00000 0.000000 0.6470000 -0.0210000 1.3160000 Elliott (2020)_Methylphenidate_Executive functioning (report)_Self-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
529 Candido (2021) Methylphenidate Adults (>=18yo) CGI Endpoint (~12wk) Clinician-rated Very low G 0.701 [-0.13, 1.532] -0.130 1.532 9.81e-02 [-8.068, 9.47] 2 139 NaN 5.91e-01 no 0.00000 0.000000 0.7010000 -0.1300000 1.5320000 Candido (2021)_Methylphenidate_CGI_Clinician-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
575 Catala-Lopez (2017) Methylphenidate + Alpha-2 agonists Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Tolerability Endpoint (~12wk) NA Very low RR 0.349 [0.037, 3.27] 0.037 3.270 3.57e-01 [0, 694035.551] 2 127 NaN 6.77e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 -1.0526834 -3.2968374 1.1847900 Catala-Lopez (2017)_Methylphenidate + Alpha-2 agonists (guanfacine / clonidine)_Tolerability (discontinuation due to adverse events)_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
575 Catala-Lopez (2017) Methylphenidate + Alpha-2 agonists Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Acceptability Endpoint (~12wk) NA Very low RR 2.419 [1.376, 4.251] 1.376 4.251 2.15e-03 [0.062, 93.671] 2 127 NaN 5.52e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.8833542 0.3191807 1.4471542 Catala-Lopez (2017)_Methylphenidate + Alpha-2 agonists (guanfacine / clonidine)_Acceptability: all-cause discontinuation_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
4036 Zhang (2023) Mindfulness Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Mixed] Endpoint (~12wk) Mixed Very low G 0.169 [-0.057, 0.394] -0.057 0.394 1.42e-01 [-0.197, 0.535] 4 257 4.97e-02 7.44e-01 no 39.61654 39.616545 0.1690000 -0.0570000 0.3940000 Zhang (2023)_Mindfulness_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
4036 Zhang (2023) Mindfulness Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Exec. functions (mixed) Endpoint (~12wk) N/A Very low G 0.444 [-0.083, 0.972] -0.083 0.972 9.85e-02 [-1.503, 2.392] 3 187 4.02e-01 4.81e-01 no 42.64341 42.643411 0.4440000 -0.0830000 0.9720000 Zhang (2023)_Mindfulness_Executive functioning (mixed)_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
999 Ostinelli (2025) Mindfulness Adults (>=18yo) Acceptability Endpoint (~12wk) NA Very low RR 0.240 [0.03, 1.91] 0.030 1.910 1.77e-01 [0.001, 87.349] 4 301 4.60e-01 4.99e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 -1.4271164 -3.5065579 0.6471032 Ostinelli (2025)_Mindfulness_Acceptability: all-cause discontinuation_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
2118 Liu (2023) Mindfulness Adults (>=18yo) Quality of life Endpoint (~12wk) N/A Very low G -0.119 [-0.391, 0.152] -0.391 0.152 3.90e-01 [-2.024, 1.786] 2 223 NaN 6.82e-01 no 100.00000 46.472956 -0.1190000 -0.3910000 0.1520000 Liu (2023)_Mindfulness_Quality of life (patients)_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
999 Ostinelli (2025) Mindfulness Adults (>=18yo) Emotional dysregulation Endpoint (~12wk) N/A Very low G 0.129 [-0.481, 0.738] -0.481 0.738 6.79e-01 [-5.477, 5.734] 2 103 NaN 7.64e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.1290000 -0.4810000 0.7380000 Ostinelli (2025)_Mindfulness_Emotional dysregulation_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
2118 Liu (2023) Mindfulness Adults (>=18yo) Depressive disorder symptoms Endpoint (~12wk) N/A Very low G 0.480 [0.015, 0.945] 0.015 0.945 4.33e-02 [-3.853, 4.812] 2 157 NaN 4.92e-01 no 100.00000 58.039210 0.4800000 0.0150000 0.9450000 Liu (2023)_Mindfulness_Depressive disorder symptoms_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
2157 Lopez-Pinar (2019) Mindfulness Adults (>=18yo) Generalized anxiety Endpoint (~12wk) Self-rated Very low G 0.725 [-0.297, 1.747] -0.297 1.747 1.65e-01 [-10.453, 11.903] 2 137 NaN 5.93e-01 no 100.00000 0.000000 0.7250000 -0.2970000 1.7470000 Lopez-Pinar (2019)_Mindfulness_Generalized anxiety_Self-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
999 Ostinelli (2025) Mindfulness Adults (>=18yo) Exec. functions (tests) Endpoint (~12wk) N/A Very low G 0.761 [-0.304, 1.826] -0.304 1.826 1.62e-01 [-10.274, 11.796] 2 74 NaN 6.61e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.7610000 -0.3040000 1.8260000 Ostinelli (2025)_Mindfulness_Executive functioning (tests)_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
999 Ostinelli (2025) Mindfulness Adults (>=18yo) Exec. functions (tests) Follow-up (~26wk) N/A Very low G 0.826 [0.099, 1.553] 0.099 1.553 2.60e-02 [-6.727, 8.379] 2 162 NaN 5.86e-02 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.8260000 0.0990000 1.5530000 Ostinelli (2025)_Mindfulness_Executive functioning (tests)_Mixed_At follow-up (closest to 26 weeks)
999 Ostinelli (2025) Mindfulness Adults (>=18yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Self-rated] Follow-up (~26wk) Self-rated Very low G 0.860 [0.408, 1.312] 0.408 1.312 1.90e-04 [-3.211, 4.932] 2 162 NaN 2.96e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.8600000 0.4080000 1.3120000 Ostinelli (2025)_Mindfulness_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Self-rated_At follow-up (closest to 26 weeks)
999 Ostinelli (2025) Mindfulness Adults (>=18yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Self-rated] Endpoint (~12wk) Self-rated Very low G 0.928 [0.423, 1.433] 0.423 1.433 3.14e-04 [-0.645, 2.501] 4 264 9.74e-02 9.42e-03 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.9280000 0.4230000 1.4330000 Ostinelli (2025)_Mindfulness_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Self-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
999 Ostinelli (2025) Mindfulness Adults (>=18yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Clinician-rated] Endpoint (~12wk) Clinician-rated Very low G 1.115 [0.053, 2.178] 0.053 2.178 3.97e-02 [-3.302, 5.533] 3 210 1.61e-01 2.83e-03 no 100.00000 100.000000 1.1150000 0.0530000 2.1780000 Ostinelli (2025)_Mindfulness_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Clinician-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
757 Cortese - Children (2018) Modafinil Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Tolerability Endpoint (~12wk) NA Moderate RR 0.793 [0.359, 1.751] 0.359 1.751 5.65e-01 [0.28, 2.242] 6 809 1.04e-01 6.94e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 -0.2319321 -1.0244329 0.5601871 Cortese - Children (2018)_Modafinil_Tolerability (discontinuation due to adverse events)_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
757 Cortese - Children (2018) Modafinil Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Parent-rated] Endpoint (~12wk) Parent-rated Low G 0.468 [0.311, 0.626] 0.311 0.626 5.67e-09 [0.212, 0.724] 4 722 4.26e-01 6.73e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.4680000 0.3110000 0.6260000 Cortese - Children (2018)_Modafinil_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Parent-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
757 Cortese - Children (2018) Modafinil Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Clinician-rated] Endpoint (~12wk) Clinician-rated Low G 0.489 [0.337, 0.641] 0.337 0.641 2.86e-10 [0.274, 0.705] 5 768 8.79e-02 5.73e-02 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.4890000 0.3370000 0.6410000 Cortese - Children (2018)_Modafinil_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Clinician-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
757 Cortese - Children (2018) Modafinil Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Teacher-rated] Endpoint (~12wk) Teacher-rated Low G 0.534 [0.35, 0.717] 0.350 0.717 1.26e-08 [0.235, 0.832] 4 524 2.62e-01 6.55e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.5340000 0.3500000 0.7170000 Cortese - Children (2018)_Modafinil_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Teacher-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
757 Cortese - Children (2018) Modafinil Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Acceptability Endpoint (~12wk) NA Very low RR 1.299 [1.01, 1.671] 1.010 1.671 4.13e-02 [0.787, 2.146] 6 809 2.54e-01 2.83e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.2615947 0.0099503 0.5134222 Cortese - Children (2018)_Modafinil_Acceptability: all-cause discontinuation_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
999 Ostinelli (2025) Modafinil Adults (>=18yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Self-rated] Endpoint (~12wk) Self-rated Very low G 0.434 [-0.549, 1.416] -0.549 1.416 3.87e-01 [-10.144, 11.011] 2 257 NaN 2.61e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.4340000 -0.5490000 1.4160000 Ostinelli (2025)_Modafinil_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Self-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
575 Catala-Lopez (2017) Multimodal behavioral interventions Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Acceptability Endpoint (~12wk) NA Very low RR 1.393 [0.549, 3.538] 0.549 3.538 4.85e-01 [0.195, 9.969] 5 584 2.95e-01 7.42e-01 no 75.00937 0.000000 0.3314597 -0.5996568 1.2635616 Catala-Lopez (2017)_Multimodal behavioral interventions_Acceptability: all-cause discontinuation_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
998 Westwood - Children (2025) Neurofeedback Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Clinician-rated] Endpoint (~12wk) Clinician-rated Very low G -0.131 [-0.448, 0.187] -0.448 0.187 4.20e-01 [-1.032, 0.771] 3 274 3.50e-01 7.52e-01 no 100.00000 24.076024 -0.1310000 -0.4480000 0.1870000 Westwood - Children (2025)_Neurofeedback_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Clinician-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
998 Westwood - Children (2025) Neurofeedback Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Exec. functions (tests) Follow-up (~26wk) NA Very low G 0.025 [-0.196, 0.246] -0.196 0.246 8.22e-01 [-0.46, 0.511] 3 279 9.75e-01 6.25e-01 no 100.00000 27.798986 0.0250000 -0.1960000 0.2460000 Westwood - Children (2025)_Neurofeedback_Executive functioning (tests)_NA_At follow-up (closest to 26 weeks)
998 Westwood - Children (2025) Neurofeedback Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Exec. functions (tests) Endpoint (~12wk) NA Very low G 0.043 [-0.075, 0.162] -0.075 0.162 4.74e-01 [-0.085, 0.172] 17 920 8.99e-02 5.31e-02 no 100.00000 23.497519 0.0430000 -0.0750000 0.1620000 Westwood - Children (2025)_Neurofeedback_Executive functioning (tests)_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
998 Westwood - Children (2025) Neurofeedback Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Teacher-rated] Endpoint (~12wk) Teacher-rated Low G 0.134 [-0.008, 0.276] -0.008 0.276 6.53e-02 [-0.03, 0.297] 10 587 9.93e-01 4.60e-01 no 100.00000 50.642509 0.1340000 -0.0080000 0.2760000 Westwood - Children (2025)_Neurofeedback_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Teacher-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
998 Westwood - Children (2025) Neurofeedback Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Parent-rated] Follow-up (~52wk) Parent-rated Very low G 0.165 [-0.157, 0.487] -0.157 0.487 3.15e-01 [-1.922, 2.252] 2 121 NaN 6.80e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.1650000 -0.1570000 0.4870000 Westwood - Children (2025)_Neurofeedback_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Parent-rated_Closest to 52 weeks
575 Catala-Lopez (2017) Neurofeedback Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Acceptability Endpoint (~12wk) NA Very low RR 1.489 [0.877, 2.527] 0.877 2.527 1.40e-01 [0.769, 2.882] 7 333 6.54e-01 7.79e-01 no 100.00000 26.684836 0.3981048 -0.1312483 0.9270328 Catala-Lopez (2017)_Neurofeedback_Acceptability: all-cause discontinuation_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
998 Westwood - Children (2025) Neurofeedback Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Exec. functions (report) Endpoint (~12wk) NA Very low G 0.230 [-0.075, 0.535] -0.075 0.535 1.39e-01 [-1.772, 2.232] 2 125 NaN 7.55e-01 no 100.00000 0.000000 0.2300000 -0.0750000 0.5350000 Westwood - Children (2025)_Neurofeedback_Executive functioning (report)_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
998 Westwood - Children (2025) Neurofeedback Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Parent-rated] Follow-up (~26wk) Parent-rated Very low G 0.296 [-0.012, 0.604] -0.012 0.604 5.94e-02 [-0.602, 1.194] 4 314 5.95e-01 7.81e-02 no 100.00000 24.315716 0.2960000 -0.0120000 0.6040000 Westwood - Children (2025)_Neurofeedback_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Parent-rated_At follow-up (closest to 26 weeks)
998 Westwood - Children (2025) Neurofeedback Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Parent-rated] Endpoint (~12wk) Parent-rated Very low G 0.421 [0.236, 0.606] 0.236 0.606 8.37e-06 [-0.242, 1.084] 19 1195 5.17e-03 1.75e-01 no 100.00000 21.712451 0.4210000 0.2360000 0.6060000 Westwood - Children (2025)_Neurofeedback_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Parent-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
998 Westwood - Children (2025) Neurofeedback Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Exec. functions (report) Endpoint (~12wk) Parent-rated Very low G 0.429 [0.077, 0.781] 0.077 0.781 1.68e-02 [-0.345, 1.203] 3 126 2.29e-01 4.32e-01 no 100.00000 0.000000 0.4290000 0.0770000 0.7810000 Westwood - Children (2025)_Neurofeedback_Executive functioning (report)_Parent-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
998 Westwood - Adults (2025) Neurofeedback Adults (>=18yo) Exec. functions (tests) Endpoint (~12wk) Self-rated Very low G 0.126 [-0.306, 0.558] -0.306 0.558 5.67e-01 [-2.673, 2.925] 2 59 NaN 6.31e-01 no 100.00000 22.904546 0.1260000 -0.3060000 0.5580000 Westwood - Adults (2025)_Neurofeedback_Executive functioning (tests)_Self-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
998 Westwood - Adults (2025) Neurofeedback Adults (>=18yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Self-rated] Endpoint (~12wk) Self-rated Very low G 0.592 [0.062, 1.121] 0.062 1.121 2.85e-02 [-2.84, 4.024] 2 54 NaN 2.58e-01 no 100.00000 25.973208 0.5920000 0.0620000 1.1210000 Westwood - Adults (2025)_Neurofeedback_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Self-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
343 Bikic (2017) Organizational skills interventions Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Academic/job performance Endpoint (~12wk) Teacher-rated Very low G 0.311 [0.174, 0.448] 0.174 0.448 8.84e-06 [0.103, 0.518] 11 929 3.73e-01 7.38e-01 serious 100.00000 4.764058 0.3110000 0.1740000 0.4480000 Bikic (2017)_Organizational skills interventions_Academic/job performance_Teacher-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
973 Doffer - Preschool (2023) Parent-mediated behavioral interventions Pre-school (<6yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Parent-rated] Follow-up (~26wk) Parent-rated Very low G 0.216 [-0.28, 0.711] -0.280 0.711 3.94e-01 [-1.02, 1.451] 3 164 3.94e-01 5.40e-02 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.2160000 -0.2800000 0.7110000 Doffer - Preschool (2023)_Parent-mediated behavioral interventions_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Parent-rated_At follow-up (closest to 26 weeks)
9002 Groenman - Preschool (2022) Parent-mediated behavioral interventions Pre-school (<6yo) Conduct disorder symptoms (CD) Endpoint (~12wk) Parent-rated Very low G 0.241 [-0.097, 0.579] -0.097 0.579 1.62e-01 [-0.912, 1.394] 3 315 5.33e-01 3.64e-01 no 100.00000 64.044147 0.2410000 -0.0970000 0.5790000 Groenman - Preschool (2022)_Parent-mediated behavioral interventions_Conduct Disorder symptoms_Parent-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
9002 Groenman - Preschool (2022) Parent-mediated behavioral interventions Pre-school (<6yo) Oppositional symptoms (ODD) Endpoint (~12wk) Parent-rated Very low G 0.242 [0.005, 0.479] 0.005 0.479 4.56e-02 [-0.279, 0.763] 3 305 8.18e-01 2.82e-01 no 100.00000 52.160121 0.2420000 0.0050000 0.4790000 Groenman - Preschool (2022)_Parent-mediated behavioral interventions_Oppositional Defiant Disorder symptoms_Parent-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
9002 Groenman - Preschool (2022) Parent-mediated behavioral interventions Pre-school (<6yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Parent-rated] Endpoint (~12wk) Parent-rated Very low G 0.634 [0.248, 1.019] 0.248 1.019 1.28e-03 [-0.483, 1.75] 5 399 1.37e-01 4.03e-01 no 100.00000 41.776373 0.6340000 0.2480000 1.0190000 Groenman - Preschool (2022)_Parent-mediated behavioral interventions_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Parent-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
575 Catala-Lopez (2017) Parent-mediated behavioral interventions Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Acceptability Endpoint (~12wk) NA Low RR 1.007 [0.632, 1.605] 0.632 1.605 9.77e-01 [0.289, 3.508] 12 1123 3.08e-01 5.75e-01 serious 74.17357 51.821888 0.0069756 -0.4588659 0.4731238 Catala-Lopez (2017)_Parent-mediated behavioral interventions_Acceptability: all-cause discontinuation_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
9002 Groenman (2022) Parent-mediated behavioral interventions Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Conduct disorder symptoms (CD) Endpoint (~12wk) Parent-rated Low G 0.164 [0.059, 0.269] 0.059 0.269 2.12e-03 [0.047, 0.282] 12 1428 8.37e-01 7.16e-01 no 79.12504 8.687483 0.1640000 0.0590000 0.2690000 Groenman (2022)_Parent-mediated behavioral interventions_Conduct Disorder symptoms_Parent-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
973 Doffer (2023) Parent-mediated behavioral interventions Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Parent-rated] Follow-up (~52wk) Parent-rated Very low G 0.238 [0.034, 0.442] 0.034 0.442 2.21e-02 [-0.209, 0.685] 4 571 1.36e-02 9.00e-01 no 100.00000 0.000000 0.2380000 0.0340000 0.4420000 Doffer (2023)_Parent-mediated behavioral interventions_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Parent-rated_Closest to 52 weeks
9002 Groenman (2022) Parent-mediated behavioral interventions Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Oppositional symptoms (ODD) Endpoint (~12wk) Parent-rated Very low G 0.249 [0.113, 0.385] 0.113 0.385 3.47e-04 [-0.098, 0.595] 13 1439 3.68e-01 8.09e-01 no 82.71275 11.195695 0.2490000 0.1130000 0.3850000 Groenman (2022)_Parent-mediated behavioral interventions_Oppositional Defiant Disorder symptoms_Parent-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
973 Doffer (2023) Parent-mediated behavioral interventions Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Oppositional symptoms (ODD) Follow-up (~26wk) Parent-rated Very low G 0.303 [-0.017, 0.623] -0.017 0.623 6.35e-02 [-1.773, 2.379] 2 149 NaN 7.97e-01 no 100.00000 60.546596 0.3030000 -0.0170000 0.6230000 Doffer (2023)_Parent-mediated behavioral interventions_Oppositional Defiant Disorder symptoms_Parent-rated_At follow-up (closest to 26 weeks)
9002 Groenman (2022) Parent-mediated behavioral interventions Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Parent-rated] Endpoint (~12wk) Parent-rated Very low G 0.345 [0.136, 0.554] 0.136 0.554 1.21e-03 [-0.448, 1.138] 16 1625 3.81e-01 4.98e-01 no 87.21803 16.207558 0.3450000 0.1360000 0.5540000 Groenman (2022)_Parent-mediated behavioral interventions_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Parent-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
3228 Seiffer (2022) Physical training Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Acceptability Endpoint (~12wk) NA Very low RR 1.096 [0.577, 2.079] 0.577 2.079 7.80e-01 [0.172, 6.985] 6 232 7.02e-01 2.14e-01 no 100.00000 13.527731 0.0916672 -0.5499130 0.7318870 Seiffer (2022)_Physical training_Acceptability: all-cause discontinuation_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
3228 Seiffer (2022) Physical training Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Mixed] Endpoint (~12wk) Mixed Very low G 0.487 [0.225, 0.748] 0.225 0.748 2.62e-04 [0.008, 0.966] 9 302 9.41e-01 4.89e-01 no 100.00000 27.866799 0.4870000 0.2250000 0.7480000 Seiffer (2022)_Physical training_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
3228 Seiffer (2022) Physical training Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Social-communication skills Endpoint (~12wk) N/A Very low G 0.494 [-0.41, 1.398] -0.410 1.398 2.84e-01 [-2.358, 3.346] 4 90 6.16e-01 6.07e-01 no 100.00000 16.449050 0.4940000 -0.4100000 1.3980000 Seiffer (2022)_Physical training_Social-communication skills_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
1598 Huang (2022) Physical training Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Exec. functions (tests) Endpoint (~12wk) Clinician-rated Very low G 0.953 [0.636, 1.27] 0.636 1.270 3.88e-09 [-0.199, 2.105] 16 445 7.05e-01 8.96e-01 no 43.80467 0.000000 0.9530000 0.6360000 1.2700000 Huang (2022)_Physical training_Executive functioning (tests)_Clinician-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
1318 Gillies (2023) Polyunsaturated fatty acids Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Parent-rated] Follow-up (~26wk) Parent-rated Low G 0.049 [-0.101, 0.198] -0.101 0.198 5.21e-01 [-0.343, 0.44] 15 963 7.65e-02 4.49e-01 no 84.56512 73.971919 0.0490000 -0.1010000 0.1980000 Gillies (2023)_Polyunsaturated fatty acids_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Parent-rated_At follow-up (closest to 26 weeks)
1318 Gillies (2023) Polyunsaturated fatty acids Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Teacher-rated] Endpoint (~12wk) Teacher-rated Very low G -0.371 [-1.094, 0.353] -1.094 0.353 3.15e-01 [-2.772, 2.03] 4 185 6.69e-01 1.61e-01 no 47.11666 47.116663 -0.3710000 -1.0940000 0.3530000 Gillies (2023)_Polyunsaturated fatty acids_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Teacher-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
1318 Gillies (2023) Polyunsaturated fatty acids Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Parent-rated] Endpoint (~12wk) Parent-rated Very low G -0.258 [-0.558, 0.043] -0.558 0.043 9.25e-02 [-0.958, 0.442] 5 329 8.21e-01 5.72e-01 no 77.59118 55.980411 -0.2580000 -0.5580000 0.0430000 Gillies (2023)_Polyunsaturated fatty acids_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Parent-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
1318 Gillies (2023) Polyunsaturated fatty acids Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Conduct disorder symptoms (CD) Follow-up (~26wk) N/A Very low G -0.111 [-0.319, 0.097] -0.319 0.097 2.95e-01 [-0.406, 0.183] 5 332 8.71e-01 7.24e-01 no 66.48488 66.484884 -0.1110000 -0.3190000 0.0970000 Gillies (2023)_Polyunsaturated fatty acids_Conduct Disorder symptoms_Mixed_At follow-up (closest to 26 weeks)
1318 Gillies (2023) Polyunsaturated fatty acids Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Oppositional symptoms (ODD) Follow-up (~26wk) N/A Very low G -0.105 [-0.293, 0.084] -0.293 0.084 2.78e-01 [-0.372, 0.163] 5 423 7.53e-01 7.27e-01 no 54.26112 54.261124 -0.1050000 -0.2930000 0.0840000 Gillies (2023)_Polyunsaturated fatty acids_Oppositional Defiant Disorder symptoms_Mixed_At follow-up (closest to 26 weeks)
1318 Gillies (2023) Polyunsaturated fatty acids Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Social-communication skills Follow-up (~26wk) N/A Very low G -0.095 [-0.409, 0.219] -0.409 0.219 5.52e-01 [-2.13, 1.939] 2 145 NaN 6.39e-01 no 64.56853 64.568526 -0.0950000 -0.4090000 0.2190000 Gillies (2023)_Polyunsaturated fatty acids_Social-communication skills_Mixed_At follow-up (closest to 26 weeks)
575 Catala-Lopez (2017) Polyunsaturated fatty acids Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Tolerability Endpoint (~12wk) NA Very low RR 0.891 [0.311, 2.553] 0.311 2.553 8.29e-01 [0.156, 5.072] 7 584 1.46e-01 6.97e-01 no 39.05270 39.052695 -0.1154109 -1.1679624 0.9372691 Catala-Lopez (2017)_Polyunsaturated fatty acids_Tolerability (discontinuation due to adverse events)_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
1318 Gillies (2023) Polyunsaturated fatty acids Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Teacher-rated] Follow-up (~26wk) Teacher-rated Low G -0.061 [-0.242, 0.12] -0.242 0.120 5.11e-01 [-0.32, 0.199] 6 498 5.90e-01 9.46e-02 no 76.12719 76.127194 -0.0610000 -0.2420000 0.1200000 Gillies (2023)_Polyunsaturated fatty acids_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Teacher-rated_At follow-up (closest to 26 weeks)
1318 Gillies (2023) Polyunsaturated fatty acids Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Acceptability Endpoint (~12wk) NA Very low RR 0.898 [0.659, 1.225] 0.659 1.225 4.97e-01 [0.618, 1.306] 8 603 8.71e-01 7.20e-01 no 50.52977 50.529773 -0.1075852 -0.4170317 0.2029408 Gillies (2023)_Polyunsaturated fatty acids_Acceptability: all-cause discontinuation_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
1459 Handel (2021) Polyunsaturated fatty acids Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Quality of life Follow-up (~26wk) N/A Very low G -0.014 [-0.31, 0.281] -0.310 0.281 9.24e-01 [-1.929, 1.9] 2 188 NaN 5.96e-01 no 30.74755 0.000000 -0.0140000 -0.3100000 0.2810000 Handel (2021)_Polyunsaturated fatty acids_Quality of life (patients)_Mixed_At follow-up (closest to 26 weeks)
1318 Gillies (2023) Polyunsaturated fatty acids Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) AE (sleep problems) Endpoint (~12wk) NA Very low RR 3.035 [0.292, 31.549] 0.292 31.549 3.53e-01 [0, 7061584765.746] 2 122 NaN 7.62e-01 no 40.27351 0.000000 1.1102114 -1.2310015 3.4515419 Gillies (2023)_Polyunsaturated fatty acids_Specific adverse events: sleep problems_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
9001 Liang (2024) Probiotics Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Acceptability Endpoint (~12wk) NA Low RR 0.926 [0.503, 1.704] 0.503 1.704 8.04e-01 [0.283, 3.03] 4 224 5.64e-01 6.73e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 -0.0768810 -0.6871651 0.5329784 Liang (2024)_Probiotics_Acceptability: all-cause discontinuation_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
9001 Liang (2024) Probiotics Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Mixed] Endpoint (~12wk) Mixed Low G 0.351 [-0.108, 0.81] -0.108 0.810 1.34e-01 [-0.997, 1.699] 5 220 4.15e-01 7.10e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.3510000 -0.1080000 0.8100000 Liang (2024)_Probiotics_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
575 Catala-Lopez (2017) Risperidone Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Acceptability Endpoint (~12wk) NA Very low RR 0.662 [0.377, 1.163] 0.377 1.163 1.51e-01 [0.017, 25.456] 2 193 NaN 7.38e-01 no 95.51756 95.517556 -0.4124897 -0.9755101 0.1510029 Catala-Lopez (2017)_Risperidone_Acceptability: all-cause discontinuation_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
3419 Storebo (2019) Social skill training Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Social-communication skills Follow-up (~26wk) N/A Very low G 0.122 [-0.31, 0.554] -0.310 0.554 5.80e-01 [-2.678, 2.922] 2 73 NaN 6.36e-01 no 71.56730 71.567299 0.1220000 -0.3100000 0.5540000 Storebo (2019)_Social skill training_Social-communication skills_Mixed_At follow-up (closest to 26 weeks)
3419 Storebo (2019) Social skill training Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Social-communication skills Endpoint (~12wk) N/A Very low G 0.253 [0.022, 0.483] 0.022 0.483 3.17e-02 [-0.074, 0.579] 5 270 2.64e-01 8.23e-01 no 92.23787 20.018907 0.2530000 0.0220000 0.4830000 Storebo (2019)_Social skill training_Social-communication skills_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
3419 Storebo (2019) Social skill training Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Teacher-rated] Endpoint (~12wk) Teacher-rated Very low G 0.540 [-0.918, 1.999] -0.918 1.999 4.68e-01 [-15.3, 16.381] 2 83 NaN 3.66e-01 no 100.00000 51.802990 0.5400000 -0.9180000 1.9990000 Storebo (2019)_Social skill training_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Teacher-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
8996 Yin - children (2024) tDCS Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Exec. functions (tests) Endpoint (~12wk) N/A Low G 0.148 [-0.044, 0.339] -0.044 0.339 1.30e-01 [-0.07, 0.366] 11 370 8.90e-01 3.91e-01 no 78.33412 70.259081 0.1480000 -0.0440000 0.3390000 Yin - children (2024)_tDCS (transcranial direct current stimulation)_Executive functioning (tests)_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
8996 Yin - children (2024) tDCS Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Mixed] Endpoint (~12wk) Mixed Very low G -0.217 [-0.786, 0.351] -0.786 0.351 4.54e-01 [-4.85, 4.415] 2 60 NaN 7.00e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 -0.2170000 -0.7860000 0.3510000 Yin - children (2024)_tDCS (transcranial direct current stimulation)_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
8996 Yin - adults (2024) tDCS Adults (>=18yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Mixed] Endpoint (~12wk) Mixed Low G 0.433 [0.177, 0.689] 0.177 0.689 9.30e-04 [0.07, 0.796] 5 217 5.55e-01 6.83e-01 no 100.00000 68.635175 0.4330000 0.1770000 0.6890000 Yin - adults (2024)_tDCS (transcranial direct current stimulation)_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
999 Ostinelli (2025) tDCS Adults (>=18yo) Acceptability Endpoint (~12wk) NA Very low RR 0.343 [0.096, 1.217] 0.096 1.217 9.76e-02 [0.021, 5.533] 3 103 3.15e-01 7.72e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 -1.0700248 -2.3434071 0.1963888 Ostinelli (2025)_tDCS (transcranial direct current stimulation)_Acceptability: all-cause discontinuation_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
999 Ostinelli (2025) tDCS Adults (>=18yo) Tolerability Endpoint (~12wk) NA Very low RR 0.346 [0.057, 2.078] 0.057 2.078 2.46e-01 [0, 38841.235] 2 81 NaN 7.05e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 -1.0613165 -2.8647040 0.7314059 Ostinelli (2025)_tDCS (transcranial direct current stimulation)_Tolerability (discontinuation due to adverse events)_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
8996 Yin - adults (2024) tDCS Adults (>=18yo) Exec. functions (tests) Endpoint (~12wk) N/A Very low G 0.303 [0.003, 0.603] 0.003 0.603 4.78e-02 [-0.355, 0.961] 3 156 5.95e-01 8.00e-01 no 100.00000 51.704384 0.3030000 0.0030000 0.6030000 Yin - adults (2024)_tDCS (transcranial direct current stimulation)_Executive functioning (tests)_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
999 Ostinelli (2025) TMS-rTMS Adults (>=18yo) Acceptability Endpoint (~12wk) NA Very low RR 0.614 [0.301, 1.252] 0.301 1.252 1.79e-01 [0.193, 1.952] 4 141 6.87e-01 7.45e-01 no 88.23708 88.237085 -0.4877604 -1.2006450 0.2247423 Ostinelli (2025)_TMS ([repetitive] transcranial magnetic stimulation)_Acceptability: all-cause discontinuation_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
999 Ostinelli (2025) TMS-rTMS Adults (>=18yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Self-rated] Endpoint (~12wk) Self-rated Very low G 0.025 [-0.497, 0.547] -0.497 0.547 9.26e-01 [-1.44, 1.49] 4 118 4.19e-01 1.46e-01 no 75.84439 75.844391 0.0250000 -0.4970000 0.5470000 Ostinelli (2025)_TMS ([repetitive] transcranial magnetic stimulation)_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Self-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
999 Ostinelli (2025) TMS-rTMS Adults (>=18yo) Tolerability Endpoint (~12wk) NA Very low RR 1.065 [0.261, 4.347] 0.261 4.347 9.31e-01 [0.048, 23.366] 3 115 4.70e-02 6.15e-01 no 86.64147 86.641472 0.0629748 -1.3432349 1.4694860 Ostinelli (2025)_TMS ([repetitive] transcranial magnetic stimulation)_Tolerability (discontinuation due to adverse events)_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
8997 Yu (2024) Viloxazine Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) AE (sleep problems) Endpoint (~12wk) NA Moderate RR 0.266 [0.155, 0.458] 0.155 0.458 1.81e-06 [0.116, 0.613] 5 990 4.89e-02 3.73e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 -1.3242590 -1.8643302 -0.7808861 Yu (2024)_Viloxazine_Specific adverse events: sleep problems_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
8997 Yu (2024) Viloxazine Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Mixed] Endpoint (~12wk) Mixed Moderate G 0.375 [0.255, 0.495] 0.255 0.495 9.39e-10 [0.205, 0.545] 5 990 8.96e-02 3.24e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.3750000 0.2550000 0.4950000 Yu (2024)_Viloxazine_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
8997 Yu (2024) Viloxazine Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Acceptability Endpoint (~12wk) NA Low RR 0.764 [0.541, 1.078] 0.541 1.078 1.25e-01 [0.357, 1.633] 5 990 3.01e-02 3.63e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 -0.2691875 -0.6143360 0.0751075 Yu (2024)_Viloxazine_Acceptability: all-cause discontinuation_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
8997 Yu (2024) Viloxazine Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) AE (decreased appetite) Endpoint (~12wk) NA Very low RR 0.180 [0.055, 0.584] 0.055 0.584 4.31e-03 [0.014, 2.389] 3 606 1.94e-02 2.17e-02 no 100.00000 100.000000 -1.7147984 -2.9004221 -0.5378543 Yu (2024)_Viloxazine_Specific adverse events: decreased appetite_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
8997 Yu (2024) Viloxazine Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Tolerability Endpoint (~12wk) NA Very low RR 0.430 [0.185, 0.999] 0.185 0.999 4.98e-02 [0.13, 1.42] 5 990 4.79e-02 8.16e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 -0.8439701 -1.6873995 -0.0010005 Yu (2024)_Viloxazine_Tolerability (discontinuation due to adverse events)_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
1255 Gan (2019) Vitamin D Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Mixed] Endpoint (~12wk) Mixed Very low G 0.420 [-0.21, 1.05] -0.210 1.050 1.91e-01 [-5.9, 6.74] 2 125 NaN 4.61e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.4200000 -0.2100000 1.0500000 Gan (2019)_Vitamin D_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
1255 Gan (2019) Vitamin D Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Oppositional symptoms (ODD) Endpoint (~12wk) N/A Very low G 0.953 [-0.223, 2.128] -0.223 2.128 1.12e-01 [-11.573, 13.478] 2 89 NaN 6.45e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 0.9530000 -0.2230000 2.1280000 Gan (2019)_Vitamin D_Oppositional Defiant Disorder symptoms_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
575 Catala-Lopez (2017) Zinc Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Tolerability Endpoint (~12wk) NA Very low RR 0.696 [0.393, 1.233] 0.393 1.233 2.15e-01 [0.017, 28.289] 2 456 NaN 7.13e-01 no 100.00000 100.000000 -0.3624056 -0.9339457 0.2094502 Catala-Lopez (2017)_Zinc_Tolerability (discontinuation due to adverse events)_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
575 Catala-Lopez (2017) Zinc Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Acceptability Endpoint (~12wk) NA Very low RR 0.964 [0.8, 1.162] 0.800 1.162 7.00e-01 [0.712, 1.306] 4 536 2.91e-01 6.48e-01 no 99.26294 99.262940 -0.0366640 -0.2231436 0.1501427 Catala-Lopez (2017)_Zinc_Acceptability: all-cause discontinuation_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)
3490 Talebi (2021) Zinc Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Core ADHD symptoms [Mixed] Endpoint (~12wk) Mixed Very low G 0.623 [0.066, 1.179] 0.066 1.179 2.83e-02 [-1.192, 2.437] 6 489 2.28e-01 8.74e-01 no 51.23210 34.838645 0.6230000 0.0660000 1.1790000 Talebi (2021)_Zinc_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks)

S12. Secondary outcomes

General overview

## Warning in left_join(., reference_interventions, by = "Group"): Detected an unexpected many-to-many relationship between `x` and `y`.
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## Warning: Removed 46 rows containing missing values or values outside the scale range
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## Warning: Removed 46 rows containing missing values or values outside the scale range
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Specific focus

Moderate/High evidence

Large efficacy

S13. Longer-term

S14. Sensitivity: Low RoB

Age_simp Factor GRADE_simp GRADE_bias p_value_simp p_value_bias measure_simp es_bias es_simp
Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Punja (2016)_Amphetamine_Specific adverse events: decreased appetite_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Low High 1.02e-08 3.68e-10 RR -1.8773174 -1.6873995
Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Punja (2016)_Amphetamine_Specific adverse events: sleep problems_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Low High 2.52e-07 3.66e-06 RR -1.2658482 -1.2694006
Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Punja (2016)_Amphetamine_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Parent-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Low Moderate 1.07e-04 1.25e-09 G 0.3980000 0.5680000
Adults (>=18yo) Ostinelli (2025)_Amphetamine_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Clinician-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Low High 1.71e-07 5.33e-10 G 0.7010000 0.6310000
Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Westwood - Children (2024)_Cognitive training_Executive functioning (tests)_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Low Moderate 5.27e-03 1.02e-01 G 0.1610000 0.1990000
Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Gillies (2023)_Polyunsaturated fatty acids_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Teacher-rated_At follow-up (closest to 26 weeks) Low Moderate 5.11e-01 6.67e-01 G -0.0530000 -0.0610000
Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Storebo (2023)_Methylphenidate_Suicidal ideation/behavior_Mixed_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Moderate Weak 8.98e-01 7.57e-01 RR 0.2700271 0.0980337
Adults (>=18yo) Pievsky (2018)_Methylphenidate_Executive functioning (tests)_Clinician-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Moderate Weak 1.62e-02 3.16e-02 G 0.1470000 0.1540000
Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Westwood - Children (2024)_Cognitive training_Combined ADHD symptoms (inattentive + hyperactive/impulsive)_Parent-rated_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Very low Moderate 9.61e-02 8.11e-01 G 0.0350000 0.1980000
Adults (>=18yo) Boesen (2022)_Methylphenidate_Specific adverse events: decreased appetite_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Very low Moderate 5.06e-43 1.17e-11 RR -1.5324769 -1.4064971
Children/Adolescents (6-17yo) Westwood - Children (2025)_Neurofeedback_Executive functioning (tests)_NA_At study endpoint (closest to 12 weeks) Very low Moderate 4.74e-01 6.91e-01 G 0.0650000 0.0430000